Minkowski–Steiner formula

In mathematics, the Minkowski–Steiner formula is a formula relating the surface area and volume of compact subsets of Euclidean space. More precisely, it defines the surface area as the "derivative" of enclosed volume in an appropriate sense.

The Minkowski–Steiner formula is used, together with the Brunn–Minkowski theorem, to prove the isoperimetric inequality. It is named after Hermann Minkowski and Jakob Steiner.

Statement of the Minkowski-Steiner formula

Let ${\displaystyle n\geq 2}$, and let ${\displaystyle A\subsetneq \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ be a compact set. Let ${\displaystyle \mu (A)}$ denote the Lebesgue measure (volume) of ${\displaystyle A}$. Define the quantity ${\displaystyle \lambda (\partial A)}$ by the Minkowski–Steiner formula

${\displaystyle \lambda (\partial A):=\liminf _{\delta \to 0}{\frac {\mu \left(A+{\overline {B_{\delta }}}\right)-\mu (A)}{\delta }},}$

where

${\displaystyle {\overline {B_{\delta }}}:=\left\{x=(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\left||x|:={\sqrt {x_{1}^{2}+\dots +x_{n}^{2}}}\leq \delta \right.\right\}}$

denotes the

${\displaystyle \delta >0}$, and

${\displaystyle A+{\overline {B_{\delta }}}:=\left\{a+b\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\left|a\in A,b\in {\overline {B_{\delta }}}\right.\right\}}$

is the

Minkowski sum

of ${\displaystyle A}$ and ${\displaystyle {\overline {B_{\delta }}}}$, so that

${\displaystyle A+{\overline {B_{\delta }}}=\left\{x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}{\mathrel {|}}\ {\mathopen {|}}x-a{\mathclose {|}}\leq \delta {\mbox{ for some }}a\in A\right\}.}$

Remarks

Surface measure

For "sufficiently regular" sets ${\displaystyle A}$, the quantity ${\displaystyle \lambda (\partial A)}$ does indeed correspond with the ${\displaystyle (n-1)}$-dimensional measure of the boundary ${\displaystyle \partial A}$ of ${\displaystyle A}$. See Federer (1969) for a full treatment of this problem.

Convex sets

When the set ${\displaystyle A}$ is a

, and one can show that

${\displaystyle \mu \left(A+{\overline {B_{\delta }}}\right)=\mu (A)+\lambda (\partial A)\delta +\sum _{i=2}^{n-1}\lambda _{i}(A)\delta ^{i}+\omega _{n}\delta ^{n},}$

where the ${\displaystyle \lambda _{i}}$ are some continuous functions of ${\displaystyle A}$ (see

) and ${\displaystyle \omega _{n}}$ denotes the measure (volume) of the in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$:

${\displaystyle \omega _{n}={\frac {2\pi ^{n/2}}{n\Gamma (n/2)}},}$

where ${\displaystyle \Gamma }$ denotes the Gamma function.

Example: volume and surface area of a ball

Taking ${\displaystyle A={\overline {B_{R}}}}$ gives the following well-known formula for the surface area of the sphere of radius ${\displaystyle R}$, ${\displaystyle S_{R}:=\partial B_{R}}$:

${\displaystyle \lambda (S_{R})=\lim _{\delta \to 0}{\frac {\mu \left({\overline {B_{R}}}+{\overline {B_{\delta }}}\right)-\mu \left({\overline {B_{R}}}\right)}{\delta }}}$

${\displaystyle =\lim _{\delta \to 0}{\frac {[(R+\delta )^{n}-R^{n}]\omega _{n}}{\delta }}}$

${\displaystyle =nR^{n-1}\omega _{n},}$

where ${\displaystyle \omega _{n}}$ is as above.

References

• Dacorogna, Bernard (2004). Introduction to the Calculus of Variations. London:
  ISBN 1-86094-508-2
  .
• Federer, Herbert (1969). Geometric Measure Theory. New-York:
  Springer-Verlag
  .