Model engineering

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Stuart Turner No.10 V, built from castings. A typical beginner's project.

Model engineering is the pursuit of constructing proportionally-scaled miniature working representations of full-sized machines. It is a branch of metalworking with a strong emphasis on artisanry, as opposed to mass production. While now mainly a hobby, in the past it also had commercial and industrial purpose. The term 'model engineering' was in use by 1888.[1] In the United States, the term 'home shop machinist' is often used instead, although arguably the scope of this term is broader.

Model engineering is most popular in the

British Commonwealth
countries.

Scope of model engineering

2" Scale Steam roller and traction engine models on display at Midland Model Engineering 2007

The 'classic' areas of model engineering interest are

Stirling engines,[5] workshop equipment, miniature machine tools and ornamental turning. These constitute stable genres which are often reflected in competition categories at model engineering exhibitions. In the past, amateur electrical experimentation (the precursor to hobby electronics) and ship modelling
were considered as part of model engineering, but these are no longer regarded as core genres.

Model engineers typically make models by machining working parts from stock metal and metal castings. Some models are intended as utilitarian working models, others as highly meticulous display models, or sometimes a combination of both. The most elaborate models involve hand manufacture of thousands of parts, taking thousands of hours to complete, often over a number of years or even decades. The model engineer is often guided by commercially available drawings, however some draw their own designs, or even work without drawings. Similarly, most model engineers will buy

castings when required, but some buy or make foundry
equipment to cast metal themselves.

Increasingly, 'modern' technologies such as

embedded systems are becoming part of the hobby as more and more of its practitioners have developed skills and familiarity with these techniques through their work, whilst younger people familiar with newer processes discover the potential of traditional machining, narrowing the gap between 'model engineering' and 'maker culture
'.

As an activity that involves extensive use of metalwork

Steam Punk, a post-industrial sculptural art style picking up on the aesthetic and kinetic qualities of old machinery, shares some overlap.[citation needed
]

There is some debate about the appropriateness of the term 'model engineering'. Some argue that the term 'engineer' should be reserved solely for those professionally qualified as such. However, the historic meaning of 'engineer' is one who constructs or tends engines, and as such is a fitting epithet for those who make working models as a hobby. In any case, since the term 'model engineer' was employed by 1888, the precedent for its use has long been a fait accompli.

Model live steam locomotives

A more demanding model engineering project, a propane fired 1:8 scale live steam train, running on the Finnish Railway Museum's miniature 7.25" (184 mm) track.

Model

model trains
that rely on an electrified track to run.

Live steam (and other self-propelled) locomotives are made in a range of sizes, or scales, according to track gauge. The smaller gauges, sometimes called 'garden gauges' because they can be set up in the owner's own garden,

miniature railways
, and are intended to haul the driver and passengers.

Popular 'garden gauges' are '0' gauge, '1' gauge and 2½" gauge (ridable). Usual club track gauges are 3½", 5" and 7¼", and 4¾" and 7½" in North America. Larger miniature railway gauges such as 10¼" and 15" gauge are more common in zoo and park settings or as public passenger-hauling lines such as the

Romney, Hythe & Dymchurch Railway. Various gauges have existed over time. 3½" and 5" gauge were proposed in 1898 as standard model gauges, although 5" gauge only became popular after the Second World War, along with 7¼" gauge.[9]

Not all model live steam locomotive enthusiasts are model engineers (and vice versa). There are many live steam enthusiasts who prefer running the models on a track rather than spending long hours building them in a workshop, and so purchase a ready made model locomotive. However, for many the joy of the hobby lies in the manufacturing process, ending in the great satisfaction of a running engine of any sort, which can be immense.

Model engineering in society

Model engineering in 1866. Apprentice mechanic John Satchell poses with his father and his medal-winning model shunting locomotive at the 1866-67 Intercolonial Exhibition, Victoria, Australia. Image: Museum of Victoria ST037829

The aim of model engineering to build mechanical models is now usually purely recreational, although beginning with the

Science Museum, London published catalogues illustrating many early models.[11][12]
Many of these models represent the same subjects that remain popular with model engineers today, which attests to the long tradition of model engineering.

The earliest publication to offer instruction to the public on building working steam engine models was the Model Dockyard Handy-book (2nd edition 1867) by E. Bell, proprietor of the Model Dockyard shop in London, which also offered the parts and completed models for sale. Bell was, he said, "Ship Modeller and Mechanist" to the Royal Family, the English Admiralty and various European royalty.

handicrafts, saw a new constituency of amateur model engineers and experimenters interested in metalwork as a recreation. This was at a time when mechanical technology was seen as the driving force in rising economic prosperity. Articles and advertisements relating to model engineering began to appear in Amateur Work Illustrated magazine in the mid 1880s.[14][15] With the rise of 'amateur' interest in conjunction with the working class mechanics who made models as apprentices, a new market niche was emerging, capitalised upon by Percival Marshall who began publishing Model Engineer and Amateur Electrician magazine in 1898 (now Model Engineer).[16] Common interest in model engineering between men of lower, middle and even upper classes supported claims that model engineering had broken class barriers. However, a tradition that still persists is the use of pseudonyms in the model engineering press, as it was once considered inappropriate for professional gentlemen to contribute to "amateur" journals. Another reason was to disguise the fact that one contributor was single-handedly writing an entire edition of a journal on occasion, notably Edgar T. Westbury
, who used no less than four noms de plume.

Model engineering remains popular despite major social changes over the past century. Among these changes have been the elimination of steam power (still the most favourite subject for model engineers) from rail transport and industry; and the widespread

consumer society and the introduction of a wide new range of competing leisure pursuits. These changes, along with the older age of many model engineers[17] and decline of new apprenticeships, have prompted a long-running debate among model engineers whether the hobby will die out.[18][19]

Model engineers often join together to form model engineering clubs and societies.[20] The first of these to form was the Society of Model and Experimental Engineers based in London, UK, in 1898, "along similar lines to the model yachting clubs" then popular.[21][22] By 1948, "well over a hundred local clubs and societies" had been formed.[23] Model engineering clubs and societies now number in the hundreds across the UK, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, Netherlands, Switzerland and elsewhere.[24] These clubs are a form of civil society organisation, which are a sign of healthy democracy and community cohesion.

A major focus for many of these clubs is the operation of a club track or

miniature railway
for members' model live steam locomotives. These tracks are often run publicly and form part of community recreational and tourism infrastructure in their local area. Model engineering clubs and societies often cater too for model engineering interests beyond locomotives. Due to the inherently dangerous nature of live steam, clubs and societies are responsible for administering safety regulations, insurance and specialist boiler codes that cover both members and the public. To this end, model engineering clubs and societies often affiliate into national bodies that can lobby government to maintain the historical privilege they have to self-regulate their own safety standards.

Livelihoods based on model engineering include retailers who provide model engineers with equipment and supplies, small fabrication services who produce castings, make miniature live steam boilers and live steam kit parts (or even whole running models), commercial publishers in the model engineering press, and a very few professional model engineers who make one-off models by commission for private or institutional collectors. Most model engineers however are amateur constructors who rely on other income.

Notable model engineers

Each year, many local and regional model engineering shows and exhibitions are held wherever clubs are found, which recognize the best work of model engineers. The largest exhibitions are held in London, Harrogate and Bristol in the UK. In the UK, the Duke of Edinburgh Challenge Trophy, awarded annually at the Model Engineer Exhibition, reflects some of the best of the hobby. Pre-eminent among the Trophy's recipients is nine-time winner Cherry Hill.[25] On the web, the quality of some modern model engineers' work is celebrated at The Internet Craftsmanship Museum.

Many of the best-known names in model engineering are of those who wrote prolifically in the model engineering press. Henry Greenly may be the first notable model engineer, being founding editor of Model Railways and Locomotives Magazine in 1902 and author of Model Engineering and related books.[26][27] Greenly produced a number of designs for spirit-fuelled model locomotives, which however could not haul passengers. Arguably the most notable model engineer of all was the obscure 'LBSC' (Lillian "Curly" Lawrence). His most significant contribution was to overturn Greenly's prevailing orthodoxy and demonstrate that model locomotives of even small gauge (2½") could be powerful enough to haul passengers, by using miniature coal-fired firetube boilers, as were used in full-size locomotives. From 1923 until his death in 1967 he popularized passenger-hauling miniature live steam locomotives that could be built with minimal equipment, by publishing over 50 locomotive designs in various gauges, serialized mostly in Model Engineer magazine.[28]

Many other model engineers have contributed numerous designs notable for their enduring popularity. Prior to the appearance of Engineering in Miniature magazine in 1979 and Model Engineers' Workshop in 1990, these authors wrote almost exclusively in Model Engineer. Among these, Edgar T. Westbury produced many internal combustion engine designs, W.J. Hughes designed many agricultural and traction engine models.

Live Steam. Among living model engineers Cherry Hill is notable for her small-scale working models of unusual early steam vehicles. [31][32]

Tools and equipment for model engineering

A typical small metal-turning lathe, as used by model engineers.

drill press.[33] Until the introduction from Asia of relatively cheap machinery, beginning in the 1980s, UK or US made machine tools produced by Myford, South bend, Bridgeport and other now-defunct Western companies were fairly ubiquitous in model engineering.[34]
These days model engineers have a choice of new budget-made Asian machinery, the restoration of 'old iron' (used machinery made to high standards in the former Western industrial centres), or, if money is not an issue, new high-end machinery from the few remaining Western manufacturers. These machines only become truly useful once the model engineer accumulates a large set of associated tooling (such as drills, reamers, collets, etc.) that, all up, may cost more than the larger items of machinery. Model engineers often economise by making items of tooling themselves.

Although traditionally a manual hobby, that is, one that relies on the model engineer hand-making the parts with the assistance of manually operated machinery, computerised tools are becoming popular with some model engineers. Designs are now often produced with the aid of

3D printing is another emerging technology for model engineers to explore. Model engineering continues to expand by incorporating new technologies including laser cutting, 3D printing and embedded electronics establishing more and more common ground with the maker
movement, these computerised pursuits are a sub-branch of model engineering and are not followed by the majority.

Model engineering kits

Kits of parts offer a shortcut to the traditional method of building. Kits fall into two categories, machined and unmachined kits. Unmachined kits usually consist of drawings, castings, stock metal, and possibly fasteners and other fixings necessary to complete the model. They require machining facilities to complete and often also require additional components and raw materials. Typically the minimum machine requirements are a lathe, drilling machine, and possibly a milling machine. A good level of knowledge about machining is necessary to successfully complete these kits. Machined kits are a set of parts that are fully machined and only require finishing with hand tools, painting, and assembly. Workshop machinery is not required. The kit will typically contain all the parts necessary to complete the model. These kits require a lot less work than an unmachined kit, but are very expensive and choice of subject matter is limited.

Information sources for model engineering

Examples of model engineering media: magazines, books and internet.

There are many books, magazines and

webzines
also exist.

Annual model engineering shows and exhibitions are held around the world, organized either by local and regional clubs or professional exhibition firms. The largest exhibitions are held in London, Doncaster (previously at Harrogate), and Bristol in the UK; York, Pennsylvania in the US; and Karlsruhe in Germany. The [Miniature Engineering Craftsmanship Museum in Carlsbad, California (USA) has a permanent collection of exhibits.

See also

References

  1. ^ Hasluck, Paul N. (1888). The Model Engineer's Handybook: a practical manual on model steam engines (1st ed.). London: Crosby Lockwood and Son.
  2. ISBN 9780852639061
    .
  3. ISBN 978-1861269218
    .
  4. ISBN 0954713117
    .
  5. ISBN 9781861266880
    .
  6. ^ van Riemsdijk, J.T. (1962). "Scientific and Mechanical Toys". New Scientist. 16 (318): 690–693.
  7. ^ "Reader Survey". Model Engineer. 191 (4200): 71. 25 Jul 2003. ... nearly 60% of [survey respondents] enjoy the articles on locomotives, almost 50% admitting to current involvement in a locomotive project.
  8. ISBN 9781847970299
    .
  9. ^ Monk, Dennis (16 January 1998). "A brief history of the gauges". Model Engineer. 180 (4059): 77–80.
  10. ^ "Model Newcomen Steam Engine". University of Glasgow Hunterian Museum & Art Gallery. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  11. ^ Board of Education (1919). Catalogue of the mechanical engineering collection in the science division of the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington, Part 1. London: HMSO.
  12. ^ Board of Education (1911). Catalogue of the naval and marine engineering collection in the Science Museum, South Kensington. London: HMSO.
  13. ^ Bell, E. (1867). The Model Dockyard Handy-book (2nd ed.). London: E. Bell.
  14. ^ Plumb, David (25 Sep 1998). "An early firm of model engineers' suppliers". Model Engineer. 181 (4077): 388–90.
  15. ^ Pocock, John (1886). "Model engine-making". Amateur Work, Illustrated. 5: 199–201.
  16. ^ Marshall, Percival (1 Jan 1948). "Fifty years of model engineering". Model Engineer. 98 (2432): 4. nowhere could I find a journal which specifically catered for the interests of model makers or for the amateur engineering enthusiast.
  17. ^ Read, Neil (23 Jan 2004). "M.E. Reader Survey 2003". Model Engineer. 192 (4213): 99. It seems that our readership is predominantly male (99.7%) with 85% being aged 55 and over.
  18. ^ Cumming, Ed (20 Jan 2014). "'Model engineering is going to die out. We've lost the skills'". The Telegraph.
  19. ^ "Our Centenary Issue". Model Engineer. 180 (4058): 13. 1 January 1998. ... Percival Marshall was told that the magazine would founder in five years as all the readers would have died off. A century later we hear the same fears voiced.
  20. ^ "Reader Survey". Model Engineer. 191 (4200): 71. 25 Jul 2003. 43% of [survey respondents] are members of a model engineering club or society
  21. ^ Marshall, Percival (May 1898). "Model locomotive clubs". Model Engineer. 1 (6): 111.
  22. ^ Clubman (1 May 1958). "Expansion of the club movement". Model Engineer. 118 (2971): 543–45.
  23. ^ Marshall, Percival (1 January 1948). "Fifty years of model engineering". Model Engineer. 98 (2432): 6.
  24. ^ "Model Engineering Clubs & Societies". Model Engineering Clearing House.
  25. ^ Carpenter, David. "Cherry's Model Engines: the story of the remarkable Cherry Hill". Model Engineering Website.
  26. ^ Greenly, Henry (1915). Model Engineering. London: Cassell & Co.
  27. ^ Greenly, Henry (1904). The Model Locomotive: its design and construction. London: Percival Marshall.
  28. ISBN 0-9536523-5-1
    .
  29. ^ Anon. "Reeve Ornate Regulator". Model Engineering Website.
  30. ^ de Bank, John (15 July 1994). "Don Young - an appreciation". Model Engineer. 173 (3973): 80.
  31. ^ (2021, November 15). "Cherry Hill Striving for Perfection in Model Engineering." The Miniature Engineering Craftsmanship Museum. https://craftsmanshipmuseum.com/artisan/cherry-hill/
  32. ^ Carpenter, D. (2015). Cherry's Model Engines The story of the remarkable Cherry Hill. Robert Hale.
  33. ISBN 1854861522
    .
  34. ^ Clark, Andrew J. "The Model Engineering Clearing House". Retrieved 2009-03-10. For many years Myford lathes were considered as 'standard issue' for model engineers
  35. ISBN 978-1847975669
    .
  36. ISBN 978-1847975126
    .

External links

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