Engineer

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Engineer
inventor, astronaut

Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are professionals who invent, design, analyze, build and test machines, complex systems, structures, gadgets and materials to fulfill functional objectives and requirements while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety and cost.[1][2] The word engineer (Latin ingeniator,[3] the origin of the Ir. in the title of engineer in countries like Belgium and The Netherlands) is derived from the Latin words ingeniare ("to contrive, devise") and ingenium ("cleverness").[4][5] The foundational qualifications of a licensed professional engineer typically include a four-year bachelor's degree in an engineering discipline, or in some jurisdictions, a master's degree in an engineering discipline plus four to six years of peer-reviewed professional practice (culminating in a project report or thesis) and passage of engineering board examinations.

The work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life.[1]

Definition

In 1961, the Conference of Engineering Societies of Western Europe and the United States of America defined "

professional engineer" as follows:[6]

A professional engineer is competent by virtue of his/her fundamental education and training to apply the scientific method and outlook to the analysis and solution of engineering problems. He/she is able to assume personal responsibility for the development and application of engineering science and knowledge, notably in research, design, construction, manufacturing, superintending, managing, and in the education of the engineer. His/her work is predominantly intellectual and varied and not of a routine mental or physical character. It requires the exercise of original thought and judgment and the ability to supervise the technical and administrative work of others. His/her education will have been such as to make him/her capable of closely and continuously following progress in his/her branch of engineering science by consulting newly published works on a worldwide basis, assimilating such information, and applying it independently. He/she is thus placed in a position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or its applications. His/her education and training will have been such that he/she will have acquired a broad and general appreciation of the engineering sciences as well as thorough insight into the special features of his/her own branch. In due time he/she will be able to give authoritative technical advice and assume responsibility for the direction of important tasks in his/her branch.

Roles and expertise

Design

A design for a flying machine (c. 1488), first presented in the Codex on the Flight of Birds
An aerial screw (c. 1489), suggestive of a helicopter, from the Codex Atlanticus

Engineers develop new technological solutions. During the engineering design process, the responsibilities of the engineer may include defining problems, conducting and narrowing research, analyzing criteria, finding and analyzing solutions, and making decisions. Much of an engineer's time is spent on researching, locating, applying, and transferring information.[7] Indeed, research suggests engineers spend 56% of their time engaged in various information behaviours, including 14% actively searching for information.[8]

Engineers must weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements and needs. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result.

Analysis

Engineers conferring on prototype design, 1954

Engineers apply techniques of

analyze risk.[9][10][11][12]

Many engineers use computers to produce and analyze designs, to simulate and test how a machine, structure, or system operates, to generate specifications for parts, to monitor the quality of products, and to control the efficiency of processes.

Specialization and management

NASA Launch Control Center Firing Room 2 as it appeared in the Apollo era

Most engineers specialize in one or more engineering disciplines.[1] Numerous specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the major branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering, for example, includes structural engineering, along with transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, and materials engineering, including ceramic, metallurgical, and polymer engineering. Mechanical engineering cuts across most disciplines since its core essence is applied physics. Engineers also may specialize in one industry, such as motor vehicles, or in one type of technology, such as turbines or semiconductor materials.[1]

Several recent studies have investigated how engineers spend their time; that is, the work tasks they perform and how their time is distributed among these. Research[8][13] suggests that there are several key themes present in engineers' work: technical work (i.e., the application of science to product development), social work (i.e., interactive communication between people), computer-based work and information behaviors. Among other more detailed findings, a 2012 work sampling study[13] found that engineers spend 62.92% of their time engaged in technical work, 40.37% in social work, and 49.66% in computer-based work. Furthermore, there was considerable overlap between these different types of work, with engineers spending 24.96% of their time engaged in technical and social work, 37.97% in technical and non-social, 15.42% in non-technical and social, and 21.66% in non-technical and non-social.

Engineering is also an information-intensive field, with research finding that engineers spend 55.8% of their time engaged in various different information behaviors, including 14.2% actively information from other people (7.8%) and information repositories such as documents and databases (6.4%).[8]

The time engineers spend engaged in such activities is also reflected in the competencies required in engineering roles. In addition to engineers' core technical competence, research has also demonstrated the critical nature of their personal attributes, project management skills, and cognitive abilities to success in the role.[14]

Types of engineers

Photograph of the Engineering group, sculpted by John Lawlor, Albert Memorial

There are many branches of engineering, each of which specializes in specific technologies and products. Typically, engineers will have deep knowledge in one area and basic knowledge in related areas. For example, mechanical engineering curricula typically include introductory courses in electrical engineering, computer science, materials science, metallurgy, mathematics, and software engineering.

An engineer may either be hired for a firm that requires engineers on a continuous basis, or may belong to an engineering firm that provides engineering consulting services to other firms.

When developing a product, engineers typically work in interdisciplinary teams. For example, when building robots an engineering team will typically have at least three types of engineers. A mechanical engineer would design the body and actuators. An electrical engineer would design the power systems, sensors, electronics, embedded software in electronics, and control circuitry. Finally, a software engineer would develop the software that makes the robot behave properly. Engineers that aspire to management engage in further study in business administration, project management and organizational or business psychology. Often engineers move up the management hierarchy from managing projects, functional departments, divisions and eventually CEOs of a multi-national corporation.

Branch Focus Related sciences Products
Automobile engineering
Focuses on the development of automobiles and related technology Structural engineering, electronics, materials science, automotive safety, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, engineering mathematics, ergonomics, environmental compliance, road traffic safety, chemistry Automobiles
Aerospace engineering Focuses on the development of aircraft and spacecraft Aircraft, robotics, spacecraft, trajectories
Agricultural engineering Focuses on the engineering, science, and technology for the production and processing of food from agriculture, such as the production of arable crops, soft fruit and livestock. A key goal of this discipline is to improve the efficacy and sustainability of agricultural practices for food production. Agricultural engineering often combines and converges many other engineering disciplines such as
biosystems engineering, soil science, environmental engineering
Livestock, food, horticulture, forestry, renewable energy crops.

Agricultural machinery such as tractors, combine harvesters, forage harvesters.

Agricultural technology incorporates such things as robotics and autonomous vehicles.

Architectural engineering and building engineering Focuses on building and construction Architecture, architectural technology Buildings and bridges
Biomedical engineering Focuses on closing the gap between engineering and medicine to advance various health care treatments. Biology, physics, chemistry, medicine Prostheses, medical devices, regenerative tissue growth, various safety mechanisms, genetic engineering
Chemical engineering Focuses on the manufacturing of chemicals and/or extraction of chemical species from natural resources Chemistry, thermodynamics, chemical thermodynamics, process engineering, transport phenomena, nanotechnology, biology, chemical kinetics, genetic engineering medicine, fluid mechanics, textiles Chemicals, hydrocarbons, fuels, medicines, raw materials, food and drink, waste treatment, pure gases, plastics, coatings, water treatment, textiles
Civil engineering Focuses on the construction of large systems, structures, and environmental systems Statics, fluid mechanics, soil mechanics, structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, environmental engineering, hydraulic engineering, construction engineering Roads, bridges, dams, buildings, structural system, foundation, earthworks, waste management, water treatment
Computer engineering Focuses on the design and development of computer hardware &
software systems
Computer science, mathematics, electrical engineering
Electrical engineering Focuses on application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism
Fire protection engineering Focuses on application of science and engineering principles to protect people, property, and their environments from the harmful and destructive effects of fire and smoke.
fire suppression, fire alarms, building fire safety, wildfire, building codes, measurement and simulation of fire phenomena, mathematics, probability and statistics
.
.
Industrial engineering Focuses on the design, optimization, and operation of production, logistics, and service systems and processes
Mechatronics engineering
Focuses on the technology and controlling all the industrial field
Process control, automation
CNC
Mechanical engineering Focuses on the development and operation of energy systems, transport systems, manufacturing systems, machines and
control systems
Cars, airplanes, machines,
HVAC
materials engineering
Focuses on extraction of metals from its ores and development of new materials
Material science, thermodynamics
, extraction of metals, physical metallurgy, mechanical metallurgy, nuclear materials, steel technology
Iron, steel,
ceramics
, metals
Mining engineering Focuses on the use of
metallurgical engineering, which deals with mineral processing
of various ores after they have already been mined
Rock mechanics, geostatistics, soil mechanics, control engineering, geophysics, fluid mechanics, drilling and blasting Gold, silver, coal, iron ore, potash, limestone, diamond, rare-earth element, bauxite, copper
Software engineering Focuses on the design and development of
software systems
Computer science, information theory, systems engineering, formal language

Ethics

An engineer receiving his Order of the Engineer ring

Engineers have obligations to the public, their clients, employers, and the profession. Many

engineering societies have established codes of practice and codes of ethics to guide members and inform the public at large. Each engineering discipline and professional society maintains a code of ethics, which the members pledge to uphold. Depending on their specializations, engineers may also be governed by specific statute, whistleblowing, product liability laws, and often the principles of business ethics.[15][16][17]

Some graduates of engineering programs in North America may be recognized by the

The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer, where the ring serves as a symbol and reminder of the engineer's obligations to the engineering profession. In 1972, the practice was adopted by several colleges in the United States including members of the Order of the Engineer
.

Education

Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and the physical and life sciences. Many programs also include courses in general engineering and applied accounting. A design course, often accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both, is part of the curriculum of most programs. Often, general courses not directly related to engineering, such as those in the social sciences or humanities, also are required.

Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology
.

Regulation

Footage of the old Tacoma Narrows Bridge Narrows Bridge collapsing
(19.1 MiB video, 02:30).

In many countries, engineering tasks such as the design of bridges, electric power plants, industrial equipment, machine design and chemical plants, must be approved by a licensed professional engineer. Most commonly titled

professional engineer is a license to practice and is indicated with the use of post-nominal letters; PE or P.Eng. These are common in North America, as is European engineer (EUR ING) in Europe.[citation needed
]

The Challenger disaster is held as a case study of engineering ethics.

In the United States, engineering is a regulated profession whose practice and practitioners are licensed and governed by law. Licensure is generally attainable through combination of education, pre-examination (

professional engineers. Each state has different requirements on years of experience to take the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) and Professional Engineering (PE) exams. A few states require a graduate MS in engineering to sit for the exams as further learning. After seven years of working after graduation, two years of responsibility for significant engineering work, continuous professional development, some highly qualified PEs are able to become International Professional Engineers Int(PE). These engineers must meet the highest level of professional competencies and this is a peer reviewed process. Once the IntPE title is awarded, the engineer can gain easier admission to national registers of a number of members jurisdictions for international practice.[20]

In Canada, engineering is a self-regulated profession. The profession in each province is governed by its own engineering association. For instance, in the Province of British Columbia an engineering graduate with four or more years of post graduate experience in an engineering-related field and passing exams in ethics and law will need to be registered by the Association for Professional Engineers and Geoscientists (

in order to become a Professional Engineer and be granted the professional designation of P.Eng allowing one to practice engineering.

In Continental Europe, Latin America, Turkey, and elsewhere the title is limited by law to people with an engineering degree and the use of the title by others is illegal. In Italy, the title is limited to people who hold an engineering degree, have passed a professional qualification examination (Esame di Stato) and are enrolled in the register of the local branch of National Associations of Engineers (a public body). In Portugal, professional engineer titles and accredited engineering degrees are regulated and certified by the Ordem dos Engenheiros. In the Czech Republic, the title "engineer" (Ing.) is given to people with a (master's) degree in chemistry, technology or economics for historical and traditional reasons. In Greece, the academic title of "Diploma Engineer" is awarded after completion of the five-year engineering study course and the title of "Certified Engineer" is awarded after completion of the four-year course of engineering studies at a Technological Educational Institute (TEI).

Definition by country

Archimedes is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity whose ideas have underpinned much of the practice of engineering.

The definition of the term "engineer" varies across countries and continents.

Asia and Africa

In the Indian subcontinent, Russia, Middle East, Africa, and China, engineering is one of the most sought-after undergraduate courses, for which entrance examinations are highly competitive.

In Egypt, the educational system makes engineering the second-most respected profession in the country (after medicine); engineering colleges at

Arabic: الثانوية العامة al-Thānawiyyah al-`Āmmah) – in the order of 97 or 98 per cent – and are thus considered (along with the colleges of medicine, natural science, and pharmacy) to be among the "pinnacle colleges" (كليات القمة kullīyāt al-qimmah).[citation needed
]

In the Philippines and

Filipino communities overseas
, engineers who are either Filipino or not, especially those who also profess other jobs at the same time, are addressed and introduced as Engineer, rather than Sir/Madam in speech or Mr./Mrs./Ms. (G./Gng./Bb. in Filipino) before surnames. That word is used either in itself or before the given name or surname.

Europe

19th-century engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel by the launching chains of the SS Great Eastern

As of 2022, thirty two countries in Europe (including nearly all 27 countries of the EU) now recognise the title of "European Engineer" which permits the use of the pre-nominal title of "EUR ING" (always fully capitalised). Each country sets its own precise qualification requirement for the use of the title (though they are all broadly equivalent). Holding the requisite qualification does not afford automatic entitlement. The title has to be applied for (and the appropriate fee paid). The holder is entitled to use the title in their passport. EUR INGs are allowed to describe themselves as professionally qualified engineers and practise as such in any of the 32 participating countries including those where the title of engineer is regulated by law.[citation needed]

France

Gustave Eiffel was a French civil engineer

In France, the term ingénieur (engineer) is not a protected title and can be used by anyone who practices this profession.[22]

However, the title ingénieur diplomé (graduate engineer) is an official academic title that is protected by the government and is associated with the

École des Mines de Paris, École polytechnique or Télécom Paris. This was also the case after WWII when France had to be rebuilt. Before the "réforme René Haby" in the 1970s, it was very difficult to be admitted to such schools, and the French ingénieurs were commonly perceived as the nation's élite. However, after the Haby reform and a series of further reforms (Modernization plans of French universities
), several engineering schools were created which can be accessed with relatively lower competition.

Engineering positions in France are now shared between the ingénieurs diplomés graduating from engineering grandes écoles and the holders of a

public universities
.

Italy

aeronautical engineer
and Arctic explorer

In Italy, only people who hold a formal engineering qualification of at least a bachelor's degree are permitted to describe themselves as an engineer. So much so that people holding such qualifications are entitled to use the pre-nominal title of "Ingegnere" (or "Ingegnera" if female - in both cases often abbreviated to "Ing.") in lieu of "Signore", "Signorina" or "Signora" (Mr, Miss and Mrs respectively) in the same manner as someone holding a doctorate would use the pre-nominal title "Doctor".

North America

Canada

In Canada, engineering is a regulated profession whose practice and practitioners are licensed and governed by law.[23] Licensed professional engineers are referred to as P.Eng. Many Canadian engineers wear an Iron Ring.[24]

In all Canadian provinces, the title "Professional Engineer" is protected by law and any non-licensed individual or company using the title is committing a legal offence and is subject to fines and restraining orders.[25] Contrary to insistence from the Professional Engineers Ontario ("PEO") and Engineers Canada, use of the title "Engineer" itself has been found by Canadian law to be acceptable by those not holding P.Eng. titles.[26][27]

The title of engineer is not exclusive to P.Eng titles. The title of Engineer is commonly held by "Software Engineer",[28] the Canadian Military as various ranks and positions,[29] railway locomotive engineers,[30] Stationary engineer and Aircraft Maintenance Engineers (AME), all of which do not commonly hold a P.Eng. designation.

United States

In the United States, the practice of professional engineering is highly regulated and the title "professional engineer" is legally protected, meaning that it is unlawful to use it to offer engineering services to the public unless permission, certification or other official endorsement is specifically granted by that state through a professional engineering license.[31]

Spanish-speaking countries

Baltasar Mena Iniesta a Spanish-born Mexican mechanical engineer specialized in Rheology.

Certain Spanish-speaking countries follow the Italian convention of engineers using the pre-nominal title, in this case "ingeniero" (or "ingeniera" if female). Like in Italy, it is usually abbreviated to "Ing." In Spain this practice is not followed.

The engineering profession enjoys high prestige in Spain, ranking close to medical doctors, scientists and professors, and above judges, journalists or entrepreneurs, according to a 2014 study.[32]

United Kingdom

In the UK, the practice of engineering is not a regulated profession but control of the titles of chartered engineer (CEng) and incorporated engineer (IEng) is regulated. These titles are protected by law and are subject to strict requirements defined by the Engineering Council. The title CEng is in use in nations of the Commonwealth of Nations that follow or adapt British professional codes.[citation needed]

Many skilled and semi-skilled tradespeople in the UK, including, for example, engineering technicians who service domestic appliances or telephone systems, call themselves engineers, and the term in that context is commonly used by the public.[citation needed] Proposals such as a 2015 petition to the UK parliament[33] to legally protect the title "engineer" so that only professional engineers could use it have been unsuccessful (as of 2023).

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Manual Labor (2006). "Engineers". Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006–07 Edition (via Wayback Machine). Archived from the original on 23 September 2006. Retrieved 23 September 2006.
  2. ^ National Society of Professional Engineers (2006). "Frequently Asked Questions About Engineering". Archived from the original on 22 May 2006. Retrieved 21 September 2006. "Science is knowledge based on our observed facts and tested truths arranged in an orderly system that can be validated and communicated to other people. Engineering is the creative application of scientific principles used to plan, build, direct, guide, manage, or work on systems to maintain and improve our daily lives."
  3. S2CID 162586473
    .
  4. ^ Oxford Concise Dictionary (1995).
  5. ^ "engineer". Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford University Press. 22 October 2011
  6. ^ Christensen, Steen Hyldgaard; Christelle Didier, Andrew Jamison, Martin Meganck, Carl Mitcham, and Byron Newberry Springer. Engineering Identities, Epistemologies, and Values: Engineering Education and Practice in Context, Volume 2, p. 170, at Google Books
  7. ^ Eide, A.; R. Jenison; L. Mashaw; L. Northup (2002). Engineering: Fundamentals and Problem Solving. New York City: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
  8. ^
    S2CID 15130260
    .
  9. .
  10. ^ Hartford, D.N.D. and Baecher, G.B. (2004) Risk and Uncertainty in Dam Safety. Thomas Telford
  11. ^ International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) (2003) Risk Assessment in Dam Safety Management. ICOLD, Paris
  12. ^ British Standards Institution (BSIA) (1991) BC 5760 Part 5: Reliability of systems equipment and components – Guide to failure modes effects and criticality analysis (FMEA and FMECA).
  13. ^ .
  14. .
  15. ^ American Society of Civil Engineers (2006) [1914]. Code of Ethics. Reston, Virginia, USA: ASCE Press. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  16. ^ Institution of Civil Engineers (2009). Royal Charter, By-laws, Regulations and Rules. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  17. ^ National Society of Professional Engineers (2007) [1964]. Code of Ethics (PDF). Alexandria, Virginia, USA: NSPE. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2006.
  18. ^ [1] NCEES is a national nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing professional licensure for engineers and surveyors.
  19. ^ "Texas Engineering and Land Surveying Practice Acts and Rules Concerning Practice and Licensure" (PDF). texas.gov. The State of Texas. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  20. ^ "NCEES International Registry for Professional Engineers". NCEES. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  21. ^ "Engineers and Geoscientists BC". egbc.ca. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  22. ^ Pourrat, Yvonne (1 April 2011). "Perception of French students in engineering about the ethics of their profession and implications for engineering education". ResearchGate. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  23. ^ "About Engineers Canada". engineerscanada.ca. Engineers Canada. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  24. The Corporation of the Seven Wardens
    , Retrieved November 29, 2022
  25. ^ "Engineering licensing body clarifies the use of the term "engineer" following reported dismissal of Hydro One employee". peo.on.ca. Professional Engineers Ontario. 13 May 2015. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  26. ^ "Assn. of Professional Engineers, Geologists and Geophysicists of Alberta (Council of) v. Merhej, 2003 ABCA 360 (CanLII)". Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  27. ^ Section (3)(f) of the Professional Engineer Act of Ontario does not prevent people form using the title Engineer. (3) Subsections (1) and (2) do not apply to prevent a person, (f) from using the title "engineer" or an abbreviation of that title in a manner that is authorized or required by an Act or regulation. It does prevent Professional Engineer title under section 2 of the act.
  28. ^ "Computer Software Engineer in Canada | Job requirements - Job Bank". www.jobbank.gc.ca. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  29. ^ "Who Are We? | Canadian Military Engineers". cmea-agmc.ca. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  30. ^ "Train Engineer in Canada | Labour Market Facts and Figures - Job Bank". www.jobbank.gc.ca. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  31. ^ "What is a PE?". National Society of Professional Engineers. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  32. ^ Lobera, Josep; Torres Albero, Cristóbal (2015). "El prestigio social de las profesiones tecnocientíficas". Percepción social de la Ciencia y la Tecnología 2014 (PDF) (in Spanish). FECYT. pp. 218–240. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  33. ^ "Make 'Engineer' a protected title". Petitions – UK Government and Parliament. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2012.

External links

Media related to Engineers at Wikimedia Commons