Moss lawn
Moss lawns are
Moss lawns are drought-tolerant and rarely need misting once established (the average US grass lawn uses a hundred times as much water). They do not require mowing, fertilizing, or other amendments, and grow on almost any substrate (apart from metal), and at any soil pH and light level. They can grow under conifers, swallowing the needles, but fallen broad deciduous leaves will kill them if not removed. They can be walked on but not scuffed.
Uses
Mosses are squishy and compress without being damaged, but they are easily torn by tension. Moss lawns can therefore stand being walked on, but not being scuffed.[2] They tend to be too moist to sit upon comfortably.[3]
Moss lawns can be used as a living mulch; they retain moisture, do not become compacted, and do not require annual replacement.
Moss lawns may be used to cover
Visual effects
Traditional
Maintenance
In the wild, mosses may naturally form a continuous lawn under
Moss lawns do not require fertilizer or other soil amendments, as moss lacks a root system.[1][2] Moss lawns do not need mowing, although there are a few species which can be mown.[10]
While moss requires some moisture, its water demands are moderate; one percent or less of the water needed by an average US grass lawn.[1] It does not benefit from deep watering.[16] Moss lawns are drought-resistant after they have become established; they are among the most drought-resistant garden plants.[2][17] The moss will become dormant in less favourable conditions.[14] Moss thus generally only needs watering until it is established.[2][17] When rehydrated, it recovers and becomes green within seconds.[18] Misting for a minute or two a day will keep a moss lawn green.[16] Overwatering can kill moss;[19] most species cannot stand being waterlogged, though some (like Sphagnum) require it, and others grow only underwater.[15]
Mosses stay green at moderately sub-freezing temperatures, and thus remain green all winter in many climates.[18][19] A layer of snow will insulate it; it may grow under light snow cover.[20] Some mosses depend on seasonal snow cover.[21]
Moss lawns do fine on
Weeding is generally needed.[18] For smooth mosses, weeds can be kept down with a string trimmer on idle. Weeds tend to be excluded as the moss grows thicker.[19] Acrocarpous mosses tend to be thicker and better at excluding weeds.[4] Grazing may also encourage moss.[7] Grazers such as deer and rabbits often won't eat moss.[8]
Conditions
The mosses can live in a broader range of habitats than the flowering plants can. Different species of mosses have very different needs, and needs quite different from flowering plants. They are, however, often excluded by competition from flowering plants, and thus generally grow in places where flowering plants can't.[15]
Light levels
Moss lawns can grow in anything from blazing sun to full shade, but different species are specialized to different light levels.[2] Annual variations in sun exposure need to be taken into account; space under deciduous trees may be seasonally sunny, and require sun-tolerant species.[10]
Substrate
Mosses do not grow roots into the soil, but most mosses need to attach rhizomes to the substrate in order to grow and remain in place; this is assisted by clearing and smoothing a lawn substrate and fairing a fillet between vertical and horizontal surfaces. Loose debris and sharp angles discourage moss growth.[9] While preparing for the moss, curves and mounds may be sculpted (this is easiest in clayey soil), and a hose may be used to erode the edges of shapes.[19] Established moss can resist flowing water[9] and secure steep slopes.[10] While some beach species specialize in growing on shifting sands, and may grow on sandy, salty roadside soil in cities,[9][23] most mosses are very slow to colonize loose-shifting surfaces.[24] Depressions in moss lawns may fill with debris.[9]
There are moss species that grow on almost any substrate, including rocks, wood, or soil.
pH, moisture and temperature
There are moss species that are suited to the full range of soil
To photosynthesize, moss needs sunlight (not necessarily direct), moisture, and temperatures above about -5 degrees Celsius (20 Fahrenheit) simultaneously. Unlike most other plants, it cannot store energy for use later (except for in a storage protein used to repair cell walls).
Young mosses take a protonemal form, which is more like an algal film than a moss; small moss fragments may revert to this state. Moss in a protonemal state is much more likely to die if dried out. When it converts to the gametophyte form, after a few weeks, it becomes much more drought-resistant.[31]
A sprinkler or misting system, automated on a timer, is often used to get mosses established. Spray times of 2–5 minutes, thrice daily, are typical,[10] but this may vary with the moss species.
Mosses can grow next to water features, but the unvarying level of artificial watercourses may not allow the moss to dry out, which can cause problems with mould.[32][17]
Starting moss lawns
Moss lawns can be started by several different methods:[14]
- Buying sheets of moss from plant nurseries and transplanting.[33] Because moss can go dormant for long periods, it is easy to ship.[3]
- Wild-collected: moss collection from the wild has led to serious environmental problems in some areas.[34] Many plant, animal, and insect species live intermingled with moss and are gathered with it (see invasive species); much moss is traded locally, but some is shipped internationally.[35] Moss collection has been banned in parts of the United States.[3] Mossers collect moss from the wild.[3]
- Cultivated: due to the slow growth of moss, tends to be expensive. There are efforts to speed the growth of moss in order to make moss cultivation more cost-effective.[34]
- Dividing moss already in the garden, and allowing the patches to spread and merge.
- Moss does better if divided when dry and thus dormant.[31]
- Moss can be divided and propagated while frozen,[3] but the rhizomes are more flexible and attach better if the moss is thawn, not frozen, while being set out.[20]
- Spreading moss with yogurt, buttermilk, beer, or manure tea, though widely advocated, is not helpful to the moss and can cause mould.[2] Polymer gel and[8] clay[36] can be used to thicken a slurry of moss fragments.
- Moss can be transplanted within a garden.[18]
- Weed and encourage: weeding out non-moss species, and encouraging the moss with moisture.[14]
- Both are generally necessary; in most gardens, the moss will not expand into a full carpet without an initial period of watering to tip the balance.[2]
- Repeatedly mowing an area to a very short height all summer, then watering heavily, may help the moss outcompete the vascular plants.[22] Many grass lawns already have moss living under the grass.[25]
- Letting the moss come: preparing good conditions for moss, and allowing naturally-occurring spores to seed it.[14]
- Moss spores are everywhere, regardless of whether moss is growing nearby, as they are carried long distances by wind;[2] they are carried hemisphere-wide by the jet streams.[18] They germinate to algae-like protonema, which then convert to more robust gametophytes.[31]
- Species are suited to the local conditions tend to do better.[33]
- This is the technique used in Japanese moss gardens.[27]
Transplanting
When transplanting moss on to soil, the soil surface is slightly loosened first. After the moss is in place, it is thoroughly watered and walked on or otherwise tamped down. This helps attach the transplanted moss to the soil.[9][10]
Transplanted moss may be secured to a new substrate with small twigs[10] or metal pegs. Pond netting or tulle, held with landscape staples or tent pegs, or sometimes suspended on stakes, may be used to discourage wildlife from digging up moss.[37]
Species used in moss lawns
Several species of moss can be grown in moss lawns. Mosses that are native to a local area take less time to establish and maintain.[33] It is difficult to have moss thrive when transplanted even short distances; however, it is sometimes possible to set up a habitat for the desired species to colonize. An average garden may have about a dozen moss species growing in it already, though identifying them may be difficult.[15]
In the moss trade, generic descriptive terms are often used instead of species names. For instance, "sheet moss" is any moss with a sheet-like habit; in the US, usually Thuidium delicatulum (delicate fern moss), Hypnum imponens (flat fern moss), or Hypnum curvifolium (curvy fern moss); similarly, "mood moss" is any species that forms cushions or clumps, in the US usually Dicranum species.[35]
The acrocarps (cushion mosses) and pleurocarps (carpet mosses) represent major morphological types[38] within the clade of "true mosses" Bryopsida.[39]
Pleurocarps
Prostrate, creeping, branching; smooth sheetlike; fast to regenerate from fragments and faster-growing,[40] with maximum growth rates allowing them to double in size every six months. They are earlier-succession than acrocarps.[40] They can live constantly moist[29] or even submerged,[41] and may be watered as often as six times a day; however, if they become soggy they will grow fungi, including mould and mildew.[17] This is particularly common at temperatures above 24 °C (75 °F).[32]
- Hypnum sp.; deep to moderate shade, will resist some foot traffic.[14]
- Entodon seductrix;[40] semi-sun [42]
- Climacium (tree moss[10]): semi-sun, damp[42][18]
- Climacium americanum: Resists erosion, waterlogging; used for stormwater control.[10]
- Climacium dendroides
- Thuidium delicatulum (Common Fern Moss, Delicate Thuidium Moss);[40] sun to medium shade, moisture, shelter from wind. Will grow on logs and rough rocks.[43] Resists erosion.[10] Turns golden in the autumn.[18]
- Plagiomnium cuspidatum[40] (Toothed Plagiomnium Moss, Woodsy Thyme-moss)
- Bryandersonia illecebra[40]
Acrocarps
Acrocarps are thick, upright, mounded/clumping in habit, and slower-growing.[40] Acrocarps need to dry out regularly.[29] If constantly moist for more than 2–3 months, they will rot,[17] and they will not grow completely submerged.[41] They are generally more drought-tolerant than pleurocarps.[2]
- Polytrichum commune (haircap moss, awned haircap moss, blue moss, blue hairy cap[10]); sandy, acidic soil; deep shade if dry, sunnier if wetter, will resist some foot traffic.[14][40] Can be mown lightly. Resists erosion, as it has unusually deep rhizoids.[10]
- Rock cap moss (Dicranum sp.); rocks or soil, deep shade only[14][40]
- Dicranum scoparium (Broom Fork Moss,[35] mood moss, windswept moss, broom moss, footstool moss, cushion moss[10])
- Leucobryum species
- Leucobryum glaucum (Cushion moss, pincushion moss, white moss[10]); silvery clumping moss that favours sandy soil, shade to light sun[14][40][42] Generalist species with a wide distribution.[10]
- Leucobryum albidum[10]
- Campylopus introflexus[44] (an alien invasive in the northern hemisphere[45])
- Aloina aloides; likes sun, survives sand and salt; grows on sand dunes and at the margins of city roads.[42][23]
- Atrichum species
- Atrichum undulatum (big star moss, crane moss, crown moss, starburst moss); adapted to shady, moist, areas; resists foot traffic well. Grows to an even height.[10]
- Atrichum angustatum; similar to A. undulatum, but broader range of soil moistures.[10]
- Bryum
- Bryum argentium[42]
- Bryum caespiticium (tufted thread moss); indirect sun or shade. Dries to brown.[46]
- Ceratodon purpureus (fire moss, red roof moss); will grow in full sun and pollution. Robust and brightly coloured.[42][46][47]
Gallery
Wild moss lawns
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A natural moss lawn in an evergreenmoss forest. The moss overgrows the needles and fragmented cones.
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Moss in a deciduous forest. Leaf litter excludes moss from the ground, but it will grow on any surface which escapes a covering of fallen leaves.
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Moss just beginning to colonize a frozen basaltic lava flow in Iceland
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...eventually, it coats the whole undulating landscape
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...and then trees come. Here, a volcanic landscape atKita Yatsugatake
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Moss will grow on boulders
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Moss on the Unazawa River
Moss lawns in gardens
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Sekirakuen Garden in Hakone, Japan.
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Mountain lawn at Kōzan-ji
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A garden near Kyoto[clarification needed]
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Tree roots atKenrokuen
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Close view
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Uneven ground, Ginkaku-ji
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Frosty lawn atToshodai-ji
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A dormant moss lawn in Kyoto, winter.
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A moss garden at the Hakone Art Museum
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Moss used to make a miniature mountainscape at Honbo Garden at Tōfuku-ji
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A geometric pattern in the northern part of the same garden (close-up)
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A moss garden with naturally-fluctuating water levels at the Bloedel Reserve
See also
- List of garden features
- Tapestry lawn
- Saihō-ji (Kyoto) (Kokedera moss garden)
- Schistostega
- Poikilohydry (ability to revive from a desiccated state)
- Moss is often ombrotrophic
References
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Spain, David (14 March 2019). "How-To Grow Moss". Moss and Stone Gardens. Archived from the original on 2019-03-14. Moss Myths
- ^ a b c d e f g Tortorello, Michael (2 April 2014). "Gathering Moss". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Weir-Jimerson, Karen (4 November 2019). "Marvelous moss garden". Garden Gate.
- ^ a b c d Poller, Sonya (22 January 2015). "Alberta's Wonderful World of Bryophytes". Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute Blog. Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute.
- ^ .
- ^ PMID 27760156.
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- ^ a b c d e f g Spain, David (14 March 2019). "How-To Grow Moss". Moss and Stone Gardens. Archived from the original on 2019-03-14. Preparing soils for moss–a clean slate
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Connolly, Kathleen (30 November 2019). "Here's What to Know If You Want to Create a Low-Maintenance Moss Lawn". The Spruce.
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- ^ S2CID 51890554.
- ^ a b Cullina, William (10 November 2020). "Gardening With Moss". Horticulture.
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- ^ ISBN 0-9517176-0-X.
- ^ a b Bender, Steve. "Plant a Moss Lawn". Southern Living.
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- ^ a b c d Osser, Jeff (25 April 2014). "How to Use Moss in the Landscape". Fine Gardening Magazine. The Taunton Press, Inc.
- ^ a b Connolly, Kathy. "Free Plants in February, Less Yard Work Later". Zip06.com.
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- ^ a b Wong, James (3 June 2018). "Blade runners: the joy of moss lawns". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ a b Spain, David (11 March 2019). "A day at the Beach". Moss and Stone Gardens. Archived from the original on 2019-03-11.
- ^ Spain, David (14 March 2019). "How-To Grow Moss". Moss and Stone Gardens. Archived from the original on 2019-03-14. Section:Growing Moss Between Flagstones
- ^ a b "Should your lawn be made of moss?". www.gardensalive.com. Gardens Alive!.
- ^ "Extreme heat likely ruining Kyoto's famed moss gardens | Borneo Bulletin Online". Borneo Bulletin. The Japan News/ANN. September 25, 2018.
- ^ a b Heeger, Susan. "A World Apart: Moss in Japan's Gardens In gardens around Japan, moss is used to create spaces of deep tranquility and transcendent beauty".
- ^ Muma, Robert (Summer 1986). "Mosses in Your Wildflower Garden". Wildflower Magazine. Vol. 2, no. 3).
- ^ a b c d e Spain, David (14 March 2019). "How-To Grow Moss". Moss and Stone Gardens. Archived from the original on 2019-03-14. Section: Understanding the growth rate of pleurocarps versus acrocarps
- ^ Sullivan, Rachel (28 May 2013). "Plants regrown after 400 years in 'freezer'". www.abc.net.au. ABC.
- ^ a b c Spain, David (14 March 2019). "How-To Grow Moss". Moss and Stone Gardens. Archived from the original on 2019-03-14. Dividing and Fragmenting Mosses
- ^ a b Spain, David (15 March 2019). "Help my moss is turning black!". Moss and Stone Gardens. Archived from the original on 2019-03-15.
- ^ a b c Grant, Bonnie (15 April 2015). "Moss As Lawn Substitute: How To Grow A Moss Lawn". Gardening Know How. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ a b Fischer, Adelheid (29 July 2008). "Moss Conservation Behind Bars". Conservation.
- ^ a b c d JeriLynn E. Peck; Susan Moyle Studlar; Gary Kauffman; Patricia S. Muir; Chris Firestone. "Forest Moss". Penn State Extension.
- ^ Greer, Tasha (30 April 2019). "Landscaping with Moss Can Create a Magical Fairy-Tale Garden". MorningChores.
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- ^ "Common Fern Moss (Thuidium delicatulum)". illinoiswildflowers.info.
- ^ "Alternatives to Grass in Backyards, Eco-Friendly, Bee-friendly". www.ecohome.net.
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