Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid
| Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emir of Jabal Shammar | |||||
| Reign | 1869–1897 | ||||
| Predecessor | Bandar bin Talal | ||||
| Successor | Abdulaziz bin Mutaib | ||||
| Died | 28 November 1897 | ||||
| Issue | None | ||||
| |||||
| House | Rashidi dynasty | ||||
| Father | Abdullah bin Ali Al Rashid | ||||
Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid (
Early life
Muhammad was the third son of
When the Emir Mutaib bin Abdullah was killed by his nephew Bandar who became the emir of Jabal Shammar,[8] the older generation of the dynasty, including Muhammad and his uncle Ubayd left Hail for Riyadh.[6] The exile of Muhammad had very undesired effects on the commercial activities, so that Bandar asked his uncle to return to Hail who accepted his offer and continued to assume his previous post.[6] However, following his return to Hail Muhammad killed Bandar bin Talal due to the intrafamilial disputes, and other sons of Talal fled Hail.[6]
Reign
Soon after this incident Muhammad ascended to the throne in 1869.
Muhammad recaptured Al Jawf region which was seized by Faisal Al Shalaan during the 1860s.[13] However, the people of the region asked for protection from Abdullatif Subhi Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Syria, against the cruel rule of Muhammad in 1872.[14] The Ottomans could not gain the full authority over the region, but installed an eighty-soldier troop there in 1873.[14] The failure of the Ottomans was partly due to the fact that Muhammad was supplied military aid by the British and French authorities.[14] In order to avoid any challenge from Muhammad the Ottomans strengthened the alliance with him which in turn was very advantageous for Muhammad.[14]
Muhammad became the single strong figure in Najd by 1884.[15] In 1887 he annexed Najd[16] when Abdullah bin Faisal, Emir of Najd, was imprisoned in Riyadh by his nephews, sons of Saud bin Faisal, Muhammad attacked and captured the city to help Abdullah, but instead of reestablishing Abdullah's rule Muhammad appointed a Rashidi governor to the city.[4] The governor was Salim Al Sibhan who was one of the closest allies of Muhammad.[10] In addition, Muhammad liberated Abdullah bin Faisal, but took him to Hail as a hostage.[10] He also brought three sons of Saud bin Faisal to Hail.[17]
Four years later in 1891 Muhammad defeated the Al Saud forces who were the allies of Abdul Rahman, younger brother of Abdullah and Saud, in the battle of Mulayda which ended the Emirate of Najd and led to the exile of the Al Saud family.[4][18] Following the battle he captured Riyadh and ruled Najd.[19]
Personal life and death
Muhammad married a woman from Aba Al Khail family.[6] He had no child and adopted his nephew, Abdulaziz bin Mutaib.[6][9] In addition to his native Arabic Muhammad had a good command of Persian and Turkish languages which he had learned while acting as a caravan leader.[6]
On 28 November 1897 Muhammad died of natural causes in Hail.[6][20] He was succeeded by his adopted son and nephew Abdulaziz.[21][22]
References
- ISBN 978-0-8160-7876-9. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 May 2021.
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- ISBN 978-0-3122-3880-3.
- ^ a b c Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1993). Political and religious origins of Saudi Arabia (PDF) (MA thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 83–85. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2021.
- ^ JSTOR 2844424.
- ^ ProQuest 303993600.
- ^ Eveline J. van der Steen (2009). "Tribal States in History: The Emirate of Ibn Rashid as a Case Study". Al Rafidan. 30: 120.
- ISBN 978-1-4422-5451-0.
- ^ S2CID 149088619.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-64412-9.
- ISSN 1028-3625.
- OCLC 59173487.
- JSTOR 1781017.
- ^ .
- ProQuest 304117067.
- ProQuest 303848353.
- ProQuest 302463650.
- ProQuest 302503094.
- ProQuest 303920456.
- ProQuest 302645613.
- ^ Roby C. Barrett (June 2015). "Saudi Arabia: Modernity, Stability, and the Twenty-First Century Monarchy" (Report). Joint Special Operations University. p. 30. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
- S2CID 153471013.