Murder of Stephen Lawrence
Well Hall Road, Eltham, England | |
Coordinates | 51°27′41″N 0°02′58″E / 51.46132°N 0.04955°E[1] |
---|---|
Racially motivated attack |
Stephen Lawrence (13 September 1974 – 22 April 1993) was a
After the initial investigation, six suspects were arrested but not charged;
On 18 May 2011, after a further review,
In the years after Dobson and Norris were sentenced, the case regained prominence when concerns of corrupt police conduct during the original case handling surfaced in the media. Such claims had surfaced before, and been investigated in 2007, but were reignited in 2013 when a former undercover police officer stated in an interview that, at the time, he had been pressured to find ways to "smear" and discredit the victim's family, in order to mute and deter public campaigning for better police responses to the case. Although further inquiries in 2012 by both Scotland Yard and the Independent Police Complaints Commission had ruled that there was no basis for further investigation, Home Secretary Theresa May ordered an independent inquiry by a prominent QC into undercover policing and corruption, which was described as "devastating" when published in 2014.[6][17] An inquiry into whether members of the police force shielded the alleged killers was set up in October 2009.
Stephen Lawrence
Stephen Lawrence | |
---|---|
Born | 13 September 1974 |
Died | 22 April 1993 | (aged 18)
Cause of death | Exsanguination due to stab wounds |
Resting place | Clarendon, Jamaica[18] |
Citizenship | British |
Education | Blackheath Bluecoat Church of England School |
Occupation | Student |
Known for | Victim of racially-motivated murder[2] |
Parent(s) | Neville Lawrence Doreen Lawrence |
Stephen Adrian Lawrence was born in
During his teenage years, Lawrence excelled in running, competing for the local Cambridge Harriers athletics club, and appeared as an extra in
Attack
Lawrence had spent the day of 22 April 1993 at Blackheath Bluecoat School.
Lawrence and Brooks arrived at the bus stop on Well Hall Road at 10:25 pm.
Brooks saw a group of six white youths crossing Rochester Way on the opposite side of the street near the area of the zebra crossing and moving towards them.[1] At or just after 10:38 pm, he called out to ask whether Lawrence saw the bus coming. Brooks claimed that he heard one of Lawrence's assailants saying racial slurs as they all quickly crossed the road and "engulfed" Lawrence.[1]
The six aggressors forced Lawrence down to the ground, then stabbed him to a depth of about 5 inches (13 cm) on both sides of the front of his body, in the right
Brooks ran to call an ambulance while an off-duty police officer stopped his car and covered Lawrence with a blanket. Lawrence was taken to Brook General Hospital by 11:05 pm, but he was already dead.[1][27]
Trials
Witnesses
All three witnesses at the bus stop at the time of the attack said in their statements that the attack was sudden and short, although none were later able to identify the suspects.[23] In the days following Lawrence's murder, several residents came forward to provide names of suspects and an anonymous note was left on a police car windscreen and in a telephone box naming a local gang[28] as the five main suspects.[29] The suspects were Gary Dobson, brothers Neil and Jamie Acourt, Luke Knight, and David Norris.[29] In February 1999, officers investigating the handling of the initial inquiry revealed that a woman who might have been a vital witness had telephoned detectives three times within the first few days after the killing, and appealed for her to contact them again.[30]
The five suspects were previously involved in racist knife attacks around the Eltham area.[31] Four weeks before Lawrence's death, Dobson and Neil Acourt were involved in a racist attack on a black teenager, Kevin London, whom they verbally abused and attempted to stab.[32] Neil's brother Jamie was accused of stabbing teenagers Darren Witham in May 1992 and Darren Giles in 1994, causing Giles to suffer a cardiac arrest.[33] The stabbings of victims Gurdeep Bhangal and Stacey Benefield, which both occurred in March 1993, in Eltham, were also linked to Neil and Jamie Acourt, David Norris and Gary Dobson.[34][35]
Initial investigations, arrests and prosecutions
Within three days of the crime, prime suspects had been identified. No arrests were made, however, until over two weeks after the murder. The police also did not investigate the suspects' houses for 4 days. Detective Superintendent Brian Weeden, the officer who had been leading the murder investigation from its third day, and who would ultimately lead the
On 7 May 1993, the Acourt brothers and Dobson were arrested. Norris turned himself in to police and was likewise arrested three days later. Knight was arrested on 3 June. Neil Acourt, picked out at an
An internal review was opened in August 1993 by the Metropolitan Police. On 16 April 1994, the Crown Prosecution Service stated they did not have sufficient evidence for murder charges against anyone else, despite a belief by the Lawrence family that new evidence had been found.[36]
Private prosecution
In September 1994,[3] Lawrence's family initiated a private prosecution against the initial two suspects and three others: Jamie Acourt, Gary Dobson and David Norris. The family were not entitled to legal aid and a fighting fund was established to pay for the analysis of forensic evidence and the cost of tracing and re-interviewing witnesses. The family were represented by counsel Michael Mansfield QC, Martin Soorjoo and Margo Boye who all worked pro bono.[39] The charges against Jamie Acourt and David Norris were dropped before the trial for lack of evidence. On 23 April 1996, the three remaining suspects were acquitted of murder by a jury at the Central Criminal Court, after the trial judge, the Honourable Mr Justice Curtis, ruled that the identification evidence given by Duwayne Brooks was unreliable.[5] The Macpherson report endorsed the judgement, stating that "Mr Justice Curtis could [have] properly reach[ed] only one conclusion" and that "[t]here simply was no satisfactory evidence available".[6]
Subsequent events (1994–2010)
An inquest into the death of Lawrence was held in February 1997. The five suspects refused to answer any questions, claiming privilege against self-incrimination.[41] The inquest concluded on 13 February 1997, with the jury returning a verdict after 30 minutes' deliberation of unlawful killing "in a completely unprovoked racist attack by five white youths"; this finding went beyond the bounds of their instructions.[42] On 14 February 1997, the Daily Mail newspaper labelled all five suspects "murderers". The headline read, "Murderers: The Mail accuses these men of killing. If we are wrong, let them sue us." Underneath this headline appeared pictures of the five suspects: Dobson, Neil and Jamie Acourt, Knight, and Norris.[43] None of the men ever sued for defamation and strong public opinions rose against the accused and the police who handled the case.[44]
In July 1997 an inquiry was ordered by the
In 2005 the law was changed. As part of the findings on the Lawrence case, the Macpherson Report had recommended that the rule against
These recommendations were implemented within the
On 27 July 2006, the Daily Mail repeated its now famous "Murderers" front page. In July 2010, The Independent described the Lawrence killing – despite it having happened more than 17 years previously – as "one of the highest-profile unsolved racially motivated murders".[8]
Cold case review and new evidence
In June 2006, a cold case review commenced, involving a full re-examination of the forensic evidence.[9][10] Initially this was held in secrecy and not publicised;[51] however, in November 2007, police confirmed they were investigating new scientific evidence.[51] The re-examination was led by forensic scientist Angela Gallop.[52]
The most important of the new evidence comprised:[53][54]
- A microscopic (0.5 × 0.25 mm) stain of Lawrence's blood in Dobson's jacket.[55] It had dried into the fibres and its tiny size implied this had happened very quickly. The forensic analysis concluded it had not been transferred there from elsewhere as dried blood, or perhaps later soaked into the fabric, but was deposited fresh, and would have dried almost immediately after being deposited due to its microscopic size.
- Fibres from Lawrence's clothing, and hairs with a 99.9% chance[56] of coming from Lawrence, found on Norris and Dobson's clothes from the time or in the evidence bag holding them.[56][55][a]
The police unit manager involved in the matter commented that the new evidence was only found because of scientific developments and developments in forensic approaches that had taken place since 1996 which allowed microscopic blood stains and hair fragments to be
2011 – 2012 trial
Gary Dobson and David Norris were arrested and charged without publicity on 8 September 2010
Dobson's acquittal was quashed following a two-day hearing on 11 and 12 April 2011, enabling his retrial.[57] On 18 May 2011, the Court of Appeal handed down its judgment and the reporting restrictions were partially lifted.[11] It was announced by the Crown Prosecution Service that the two would face trial for Lawrence's murder in light of "new and substantial evidence".[10] The judgment of the court stated that "[i]f reliable, the new scientific evidence would place Dobson in very close proximity indeed to Stephen Lawrence at the moment of and in the immediate aftermath of the attack, proximity, moreover, for which no innocent explanation can be discerned".[57] The ruling also emphasised that this was to be "a new trial of a defendant who, we repeat, is presumed in law to be innocent," and suggested a cautious and fact-based reporting style to avoid contempt of court or risk of prejudice to the future trial.[57]
A
The judge stated that the sentences reflected that Dobson and Norris were juveniles (Dobson 17, and Norris 16)[63] at the time of the offence, which took place before the Criminal Justice Act 2003; the starting point for the minimum term was therefore 12 years. The judge acknowledged this was "lower than some might expect".[14][64] A similar crime committed in 2011 as an adult would have justified a minimum sentence of 30 years.[14][65][b]
Immediate aftermath of trial
Following the 2012 convictions,
I don't think it's an exaggeration to say that if it hadn't been for the Mail's headline in 1997 —'Murderers: The Mail accuses these men of killing'—and our years of campaigning, none of this would have happened. Britain's police might not have undergone the huge internal reform that was so necessary. Race relations might not have taken the significant step forward that they have. And an 18-year-old A-Level student who dreamed of being an architect would have been denied justice. The Daily Mail took a monumental risk with that headline. In many ways, it was an outrageous, unprecedented step.
Writing in the February 2012 edition of the Socialist Review, Brian Richardson suggested that Dacre was overselling his involvement in what had finally been achieved, stating:[68]
It is ... disingenuous of Dacre to claim that the Stephen Lawrence Family Campaign would have petered out if his paper had not ridden heroically to its rescue. The "Murderers" story appeared in February 1997, almost four years after Stephen was killed. For much of the intervening period the mainstream press, including the Daily Mail, were openly hostile and suspicious of a family that so vocally criticised the police.
Appeals
On 5 January 2012, it was reported that the
On 30 January 2012, it emerged that Norris and Dobson were seeking leave from the Court of Appeal to appeal against their convictions.[citation needed]
On 23 August 2012, it was reported that Norris and Dobson had lost the first round of their appeal.[71] On 15 March 2013, it was announced that Gary Dobson had dropped his appeal against his murder conviction.[72]
On 18 May 2022, it was reported that David Norris's request to be moved to an open prison in advance of his possible release was denied.[citation needed]
Other inquiries and investigations
The Macpherson Inquiry
On 31 July 1997, the
Detective Superintendent Brian Weeden said during the inquiry that mistakes had been made in the murder investigation, including his own ignorance that he could have arrested the suspects four days after the killing simply on reasonable suspicion, a basic point of criminal law.[36][37]
The report also found that the Metropolitan Police was
The report was criticised in an October 2000 article in The Times by Michael Gove (later an MP and cabinet minister), who wrote, "The tendentious reasoning and illiberal recommendations of that document have been brilliantly anatomised by the ethical socialists Norman Dennis and George Erdos and the Kurdish academic Ahmed al-Shahi in the Civitas pamphlet Racist Murder and Pressure Group Politics."[75] The pamphlet referred to by Gove is a publication by the think tank Civitas, which criticised the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, its procedures, its findings and its reception, as well as broadly exploring what it called "The fanatical mindset... of the militant anti-racist" with references to Malcolm X among others.[citation needed]
Public complaints about mishandling of case
In 1997, Lawrence's family registered a formal complaint with the Police Complaints Authority (PCA), which in 1999 exonerated the officers who had worked on the case of allegations of racism. Only one officer, Detective Inspector Ben Bullock, was ordered to face disciplinary charges for neglect of duty. Bullock, who was second in command of the investigation, was later found guilty of failure to properly brief officers and failure to fully investigate an anonymous letter sent to police, but he was acquitted of 11 other charges. Four other officers who would have been charged as a result of the inquiry retired before it concluded.
Bullock retired the day after his punishment was announced, so that it amounted to a mere caution. Neville Lawrence, Stephen's father, criticised the punishment, saying that Bullock was "guilty on all counts." However, a spokesperson for the Metropolitan Police Federation stated that Bullock had been "largely vindicated" in the proceedings.[76]
On 10 March 2006, the
Concerns and inquiries of alleged police corruption and undercover officer conduct
Investigation into police corruption (2006)
On 25 July 2006, the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) announced that it had asked the Metropolitan Police to look into alleged claims of police corruption that may have helped hide the killers of Lawrence.
A
The
The need to re-establish trust between minority ethnic communities and the police is paramount... seeking to achieve trust and confidence through a demonstration of fairness will not in itself be sufficient. It must be accompanied by a vigorous pursuit of openness and accountability.[81][82]
— Sir William Macpherson, Macpherson Report
On 17 December 2009, Independent Police Complaints Commission investigators and officers from the Metropolitan Police's directorate of professional standards arrested a former police constable and a serving member of Metropolitan Police staff on suspicion of attempting to pervert the course of justice by allegedly withholding evidence from the original murder inquiry, the Kent investigation and the Macpherson inquiry. Dr Richard Stone, who sat on the Macpherson inquiry, commented that the panel had felt that there was "a large amount of information that the police were either not processing or were suppressing" and "a strong smell of corruption".
On 6 July 2023, the CPS decided that the four retired detectives who ran the original case would not face criminal charges for alleged corruption.[85] The mother of Stephen Lawrence said she wanted to see a review of the decision.[86]
Revelations about undercover police conduct (2013)
On 23 June 2013, an interview with Peter Francis, a former Special Demonstration Squad undercover police officer, was published in The Guardian. In the interview Francis stated that while he was working undercover within an anti-racist campaign group in the mid-1990s, he was constantly pressured by superiors to "smear" the credibilities of the family of Lawrence so as to put an end to campaigns for a better investigation into Lawrence's death.[87] After the allegation, the home secretary, Theresa May pledged to be "ruthless about purging corruption from the police", and the Prime Minister, David Cameron ordered Police to investigate the allegations, saying of them that he was "deeply worried about the reports".[88]
The Stephen Lawrence Independent Review (2014)
Following the 2012 convictions, further inquiries by both Scotland Yard and the Independent Police Complaints Commission ruled that there was no new evidence to warrant further investigation. After discussions with Doreen Lawrence, the home secretary Theresa May commissioned Mark Ellison QC to review Scotland Yard's investigations into alleged police corruption.[91]
The report, titled "The Stephen Lawrence Independent Review",
Legacy and recognition
An annual architectural award, the Stephen Lawrence Prize, was established in 1998 by the Marco Goldschmied Foundation in association with the Royal Institute of British Architects in Lawrence's memory.[95]
His mother, Doreen Lawrence, said, "I would like Stephen to be remembered as a young man who had a future. He was well loved, and had he been given the chance to survive maybe he would have been the one to bridge the gap between black and white because he didn't distinguish between black or white. He saw people as people."[62]
In 1995 a memorial plaque was set into the pavement at the spot where he was killed on Well Hall Road. The plaque has been vandalised several times since then.[96]
In 1999,
On 7 February 2008, the Stephen Lawrence Centre, designed by architect David Adjaye, opened in Deptford, south-east London.[98] A week later, it was vandalised in an attack that was initially believed to be racially motivated. However, doubt was cast on that assumption when CCTV evidence appeared to show one of the suspects to be mixed-race.[99]
The Stephen Lawrence Charitable Trust is a national educational charity committed to the advancement of social justice. The Trust provides educational and employability workshops and mentoring schemes. It also awards architectural and landscape bursaries.[100] In 2008 the Trust, with architects RMJM, created the initiative Architecture for Everyone to help promote architecture and the creative industries to young people from ethnic minorities.[101]
In October 2012, Doreen Lawrence received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the
Doreen Lawrence was elevated to the
On 23 April 2018, at a memorial service to mark the 25th anniversary of his death, Prime Minister Theresa May announced that "Stephen Lawrence Day" would be an annual national commemoration of his death on 22 April every year starting in 2019. Doreen Lawrence made a statement that Stephen Lawrence Day would be "an opportunity for young people to use their voices and should be embedded in our education and wider system regardless of the government of the day".[106][107]
Part of the University of Reading's Student Union building was named after Stephen in 1993, before being refurbished and renamed the ‘Stephen Lawrence Media Centre’ in 2013.[108]
A Stephen Lawrence Research Centre was built at De Montfort University, located inside the Hugh Aston building. Lawrence's mother was appointed as Chancellor of the university in January 2016.[109] The Centre hosted a series of special events for the 30th anniversary of Stephen's murder in April 2023.[110][needs update]
In the media
The case and its immediate aftermath were dramatised in the 1999
Daily Mail journalist Stephen Wright has written about the Lawrence case, both before and subsequent to the prosecution. He was awarded a Special Campaign Award as part of the 2012 Paul Foot Award for his work in the Lawrence case.[112]
Novelist Deborah Crombie uses the turmoil following the Stephen Lawrence murder as a flashback setting in her 2017 book, The Garden of Lamentations. The story includes police officers who were undercover on both sides of the protests, as well as widespread corruption for years afterward. Crombie includes an explanation of the murder in her Author's Note at the end of the book, but specifies that the rest of the characters are not meant to represent actual people.
Lawrence's murder was the subject of the three-part documentary miniseries Stephen: The Murder That Changed a Nation that was first broadcast on BBC One in April 2018.[113] Following the BBC investigations, the Met police publicly named Matthew White as the sixth suspect on 26 June 2023. Matthew White died in 2021 at the age of 50.[114]
See also
- Race and crime in the United Kingdom
- Murder of Kelso Cochrane
- Murder of Kriss Donald
- Murder of Ross Parker
- Murder of Anthony Walker
- Murder of Richard Everitt
- 1993 Welling riots
- Murder of Paula Hounslea– still-unsolved UK case in which the alleged killers similarly refused to answer questions at the inquest
- Suzy Lamplugh) who like David Norris is eligible for parole in 2022
Notes
- ^ At trial the defence tried to argue, albeit unsuccessfully, that these fibres and/or hairs were present due to contamination or lack of care of evidence.[53]
- ^ This is occasionally misreported as 25 years, the starting point for "bringing and using a weapon";[65][66] murder with racial motive incurs a higher 30-year starting point.[65]
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- ^ "No. 60624". The London Gazette. 11 September 2013. p. 17949.
- ^ Siva, Vivienne (25 October 2013). "Jamaican Born Civil Rights Campaigner Appointed to British House of Lords". Jamaican Information Service.
- ^ "Working peerages announced". Gov.uk. 1 August 2013.
- ^ "Stephen Lawrence Day to be held annually". BBC News. 23 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ^ "Stephen Lawrence Day to be created in tribute to murdered teenager". The Guardian. 23 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ^ "Student media has new home on campus in Stephen Lawrence Centre". University of Reading. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ "Stephen Lawrence Research Centre". De Montfort University. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
- ^ "DMU announces plans for remembering Stephen Lawrence 30 years on". De Montfort University. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
- ^ Mangan, Lucy (30 August 2021). "Stephen review – Steve Coogan is the cop who cracks the Lawrence case after 13 years of lies". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ^ "The Paul Foot Award". Private Eye. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
- ^ Wollaston, Sam (24 April 2018). "Stephen: The Murder That Changed a Nation review". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
- ^ "Met Police name new suspect in Stephen Lawrence murder". Evening Standard.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-0-9540534-0-6
- Green, David G, (Editor), Institutional Racism and the Police: Fact or Fiction, published by ISBN 978-1-903386-06-4
- Dennis, Norman; Erdos, George; Al-Shahi, Ahmed; Racist Murder and Pressure Group Politics: The Macpherson Report and the Police, published by The Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2000, ISBN 978-1-903386-05-7
- ISBN 978-0-14-027905-4
External links
- Stephen Lawrence Inquiry (Macpherson Report)
- Stephen Lawrence website
- "The life and legacy of Stephen Lawrence", The Independent, 8 January 2012.