Greater London
Greater London
and London (region) | |
---|---|
Region | |
Government | Greater London Authority • Mayor Sadiq Khan • London Assembly |
Admin HQ | City Hall, Newham |
Area | 1,572 km2 (607 sq mi) |
Population | 8,796,628[1] |
Density | 5,596/km2 (14,490/sq mi) |
GSS code | E12000007 |
ITL | TLI |
Website | |
Ceremonial counties of the London Region | |
Counties |
|
The City of London and the 32 London boroughs | |
List
|
Greater London is the administrative area of
Greater London has a geographic area of 1,572 km2 (607 sq mi) and a population of 9,002,488. The ceremonial county of Greater London is only slightly smaller, with an area of 1,569 km2 (606 sq mi) and a population of 8,889,375. The area is almost entirely urbanised and contains the majority of the Greater London Built-up Area, which extends into Hertfordshire, Essex, Kent, Surrey, and Berkshire and in 2011 had a population of 9,787,426. None of the administrative area, region, or ceremonial county hold city status, but the boroughs of the City of London and City of Westminster do. The area was historically part of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire.
The
The City of London has had its own government since the Anglo-Saxon period. The first London-wide directly elected local government was the London County Council, established for the County of London in 1889, which covered the core of the urban area. In 1965 the county was abolished and replaced by Greater London, a two-tier administrative area governed by the Greater London Council, thirty-two London boroughs, and the City of London Corporation.[3] The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, and its responsibilities largely taken over by the boroughs. The Greater London Authority was formed in 2000.
Administrative history
The term "Greater London" was used before it was established by statute in 1965. It referred to the
Proposals to expand the County of London
Although the
Greater London is created
Greater London was created by the London Government Act 1963, which came into force on 1 April 1965, replacing the administrative counties of Middlesex and London, including the City of London, where the London County Council had limited powers, and absorbing parts of Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent and Surrey. Greater London originally had a two-tier system of local government, with the Greater London Council (GLC) sharing power with the City of London Corporation (governing the small City of London) and the 32 London Borough councils. The GLC was abolished in 1986 by the Local Government Act 1985. Its functions were devolved to the City Corporation and the London Boroughs, with some functions transferred to central government and joint boards.[14] Greater London formed the London region in 1994.
Greater London Authority
The
Geography
Greater London includes the most closely associated parts of the
The London postal district does not cover all of Greater London.[18][19][20]
Governance
This article is part of Politics of London |
Greater London Authority
Greater London is under the strategic local governance of the Greater London Authority (GLA).[21] It consists of an elected assembly, the London Assembly, and an executive head, the Mayor of London.[22]
The current Mayor (not to be confused with the
Mayor of London
The Mayor of London is a directly elected politician who, along with the London Assembly, is responsible for the strategic government of Greater London.
London Assembly
For elections to the London Assembly, London is divided into 14 constituencies, each formed from two or three boroughs. The City of London forms part of the City and East constituency.
UK Parliament
London is divided into 73 Parliamentary
Status
The London Region does not have
The term "London" usually refers to region or to the conurbation, but not often to the ancient, tiny City of London.[26][27] That small area is often referred to as "the City" or "the Square Mile" and it forms the main financial district. Archaically, the urbanised area of London was known as the Metropolis. In common usage, the terms "London" and "Greater London" are usually used interchangeably.[26] Greater London is officially divided for some purposes, with varying definitions, into Inner London and Outer London. For some strategic planning purposes, it is divided into five sub-regions.
Local government
Greater London is divided into 32 London Boroughs, each governed by a London Borough council. The City of London has a unique government dating back to the 12th century and is separate from the county of Greater London, although is still part of the region served by the Greater London Authority.[26]
All London Borough councils belong to the
Demography
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|
Country of birth | Population |
---|---|
United Kingdom | 5,175,677 |
India
|
262,247 |
Poland | 158,300 |
Ireland
|
129,807 |
Nigeria
|
114,718 |
Pakistan | 112,457 |
Bangladesh
|
109,948 |
Jamaica
|
87,467 |
Sri Lanka | 84,542 |
France | 66,654 |
Somalia | 65,333 |
Kenya
|
64,212 |
United States | 63,920 |
Ghana | 62,896 |
Italy | 62,050 |
Turkey | 59,596 |
South Africa | 57,765 |
Germany | 55,476 |
Australia | 53,959 |
Romania | 44,848 |
Philippines | 44,199 |
Cyprus | 43,428 |
Portugal | 41,041 |
Lithuania | 39,817 |
China | 39,452 |
Afghanistan | 37,680 |
Iran | 37,339 |
Spain | 35,880 |
Uganda | 32,136 |
Brazil | 31,357 |
With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was the most populated city in the world until overtaken by New York in 1925. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939. There were an estimated 7,753,600 official residents[clarification needed] in mid-2009.[29][failed verification]
London's wider metropolitan area has a population of between 12 and 13 million depending on the definition of that area. According to Eurostat, London has been the most populous city and metropolitan area of the European Union.
The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres. The population density is 4,761 people per square kilometre, more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 25th largest city and the 17th largest metropolitan region in the world.[when?] It is ranked 4th in the world in the number of US dollar billionaires residing in the city. It ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.
Ethnic groups
In the 2001 UK Census, 71.15% of the population classed their ethnic group as White, including White British (59.79%), White Irish (3.07%) or "Other White" (8.29%, mostly Greek-Cypriot, Italian, Polish and Portuguese). 12.09% classed themselves as British Asian, including Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and "Other Asian" (mostly Sri Lankan, Arab and other Southern Asian ethnicities). 10.91% classed themselves as Black British (around 6% as Black African, 4% as Black Caribbean, 0.84% as "Other Black"). 3.15% were of mixed race; 1.12% as Chinese; and 1.58% as other (mostly Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other "British Orientals"). 21.8% of inhabitants were born outside the European Union. Irish people, from both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, number about 200,000, as do the Scots and Welsh combined.
In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000. Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that in 2006 London's foreign-born population was 2,288,000 (31%), up from 1,630,000 in 1997. The 2001 UK Census showed that 27.1% of the population were born outside the UK, and a slightly higher proportion were classed as Non-White.
In the 2011 UK Census, 59.79% of the population classed their ethnic group as White, including White British (44.89%), White Irish (2.15%) or "Other White" (12.65%, mostly Greek-Cypriot, Italian, Polish, Spanish, Colombians and Portuguese). 18.49% classed themselves as British Asian, including Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and "Other Asian" (mostly Sri Lankan, Arab and other Southern Asian ethnicities). 13.32% classed themselves as Black British (7% as Black African, 4.22% as Black Caribbean, 2.08% as "Other Black"). 4.96% were of mixed race; and 3.44% as other (mostly Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other "British Orientals").
The table shows the top 21 countries of birth of residents in 2011.[30] These figures do not give a fair indication of the total population of the specific ethnic groups associated with each country. For example, Londoners of Greek origin (from both Greece and Cyprus) number 300,000, since an organised Greek community has been established for nearly two centuries. The same can be said for Italian and French Londoners whose communities have been here for centuries (the French Embassy estimates there are between 300,000 and 400,000 French citizens living in the UK, with "a huge majority of them living in London").[31] Though a Polish community has existed in London since the late-Middle Ages, it was not significant in the 2001 Census but has grown significantly since 2004, when Poland joined the European Union and by June 2010; London had 122,000 Polish residents.[32] The German-born population figure may be misleading, however, because it includes British nationals born to parents serving in the British armed forces in Germany.
London has been a focus for immigration for centuries, whether as a place of safety or for economic reasons.
Ethnic group | 2001[33] | 2011[34] | 2021[35] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
White: British | 4,287,861 | 59.79% | 3,669,284 | 44.89% | 36.8% | |
White: Irish | 220,488 | 3.07% | 175,974 | 2.15% | 17.0% | |
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller[Note 1] | — | 8,196 | 0.10% | |||
White: Other | 594,854 | 8.29% | 1,033,981 | 12.65% | ||
White: subtotal | 5,103,203 | 71.15% | 4,887,435 | 59.79% | 53.8% | |
Asian or Asian British: Indian | 436,993 | 6.09% | 542,857 | 6.64% | ||
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | 142,749 | 1.99% | 223,797 | 2.74% | ||
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | 153,893 | 2.15% | 222,127 | 2.72% | ||
Asian or Asian British: Chinese[Note 2] | 80,201 | 1.12% | 124,250 | 1.52% | ||
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | 133,058 | 1.86% | 398,515 | 4.88% | ||
Asian or Asian British: subtotal | 946,894 | 13.20% | 1,511,546 | 18.49% | 20.7% | |
Black or Black British: African | 378,933 | 5.28% | 573,931 | 7.02% | ||
Black or Black British: Caribbean | 343,567 | 4.79% | 344,597 | 4.22% | ||
Black or Black British: Other Black | 60,349 | 0.84% | 170,112 | 2.08% | ||
Black or Black British: subtotal | 782,849 | 10.92% | 1,088,640 | 13.32% | 13.5% | |
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | 70,928 | 0.99% | 119,425 | 1.46% | ||
Mixed: White and Black African | 34,182 | 0.48% | 65,479 | 0.80% | ||
Mixed: White and Asian | 59,944 | 0.84% | 101,500 | 1.24% | ||
Mixed: Other Mixed | 61,057 | 0.85% | 118,875 | 1.45% | ||
Mixed: subtotal | 226,111 | 3.15% | 405,279 | 4.96% | 5.7% | |
Other: Arab[Note 1] | — | 106,020 | 1.30% | |||
Other: Any other ethnic group | 113,034 | 1.58% | 175,021 | 2.14% | ||
Other: subtotal | 113,034 | 1.58% | 281,041 | 3.44% | 6.3% | |
Total | 7,172,091 | 100.00% | 8,173,941 | 100.00% | 8,899,375 | 100.0% |
Population
The population of the current area of Greater London rose from about 1.1 million in 1801 (when only about 850,000 people were in the urban area, while 250,000 were living in villages and towns not yet part of London) to an estimated 8.6 million in 1939, but declined to 6.7 million in 1988, before starting to rebound in the 1990s.
By 2006, the population had recovered to the level of 1970 (and the level of population in the 1920s). It has now surpassed the previous 1939 peak, and is over 9 million.
Figures here are for Greater London in its 2001 boundaries. Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses to fit the 2001 boundaries. Figures from 1981 onward are mid-year estimates (revised in August 2007), which are more accurate than the censuses, known to underestimate the population of London.
1891 | 5–6 April | 5,572,012 |
1901 | 31 March – 1 April | 6,506,954 |
1911 | 2–3 April | 7,160,525 |
1921 | 19–20 June | 7,386,848 |
1931 | 26–27 April | 8,110,480 |
1939 | Mid-year estimate | 8,615,245 |
1951 | 8–9 April | 8,196,978 |
1961 | 23–24 April | 7,992,616 |
1965 | Greater London formally created | |
1971 | 25–26 April | 7,452,520 |
1981 | Mid-year estimate | 6,805,000[38] |
1988 | Mid-year estimate | 6,729,300[39] |
1991 | Mid-year estimate | 6,829,300[40] |
2001 | Mid-year estimate | 7,322,400[41] |
2002 | Mid-year estimate | 7,361,600[42] |
2003 | Mid-year estimate | 7,364,100[43] |
2004 | Mid-year estimate | 7,389,100[44] |
2005 | Mid-year estimate | 7,456,100[45] |
2006 | Mid-year estimate | 7,512,400[46] |
2009 | Mid-year estimate | 7,753,600[46] |
2013 | Mid-year estimate | 8,416,535[47] |
2014 | Mid-year estimate | 8,546,761[48] |
2016 | Mid-year estimate | 8,798,957[37] |
Economy
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added (GVA) of Inner London at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.
Year | Regional Gross Value Added[note 2] | Agriculture[note 3] | Industry[note 4] | Services[note 5] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 64,616 | 7 | 8,147 | 56,461 |
2000 | 92,330 | 6 | 10,094 | 82,229 |
2003 | 112,090 | 12 | 10,154 | 101,924 |
Eurostat data shows the GDP of Inner London to be 232 billion euros in 2009[49] and per capita GDP of 78,000 euros.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Outer London at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.
Year | Regional Gross Value Added[note 2] | Agriculture[note 3] | Industry[note 4] | Services[note 5] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 44,160 | 51 | 10,801 | 33,307 |
2000 | 60,304 | 43 | 12,529 | 47,732 |
2003 | 69,420 | 69 | 13,081 | 54,462 |
Eurostat data shows the GDP of Outer London to be 103 billion euros in 2009[49] and per capita GDP of 21,460 euros.
Religion
The largest religious groupings are Christian (48.4%),
Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and
London is home to sizeable Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Muslim and Jewish communities. Many Muslims live in Tower Hamlets and Newham; the most important Muslim buildings are the East London Mosque in Whitechapel and the London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park. London's large Hindu community is in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter containing one of Europe's largest Hindu temples, BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London.
Sikh communities are in East and West London, particularly
Education
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2019) |
Publicly funded education has been administered through 33
The introduction of
At GCSE, the best borough is Kingston upon Thames, closely followed by Sutton. Both boroughs have selective schools, and get the top two average GCSE results in England for LEAs. Next is Kensington and Chelsea, the third best in England, then Redbridge, Hammersmith and Fulham, Bromley, Barnet and Harrow. Only ten boroughs have GCSE results under the England average, and some inner-London boroughs have surprisingly good results considering where they lie on the scale of deprivation, e.g. Lambeth. Overall at GCSE in 2009, Greater London had the best results for regions of England. Greater London is generally a prosperous region, and prosperous areas generally have good GCSE results. The City of London has no state schools, just two independent schools. Haringey and Kensington and Chelsea have the most people that pass no GCSEs.[citation needed]
At A-level, the average results for LEAs are disappointing compared to their good GCSE results. Although Kingston upon Thames gets the best GCSE results in England, at A-level it is not even above average. Sutton gets the best A-level results in London and in England. Three of the schools in the top four at A-level in London are in Sutton. It has only one independent school. The few other boroughs with above-average A-level results are Havering, Barnet, Bexley, Redbridge, and Ealing. The poor A-level results in many London boroughs is explained by the quantity of independent schools getting good A-level results. The state school system is often bypassed at age 16 by the more able pupils. Some London boroughs need more good sixth form colleges.[citation needed]
The region's 34
Universities
The
50% of students come from the region, and around 30% from other regions. Most students from other regions come from South East England, the East of England, and, to a lesser degree, South West England; the vast majority are from the south of England. Over 50% students native to the region stay in the region, with 15% going to South East England, 30% to either Scotland, Wales or the North East and around 5% go elsewhere. London is a draw for UK graduates from all over the UK.
Over 70% of UK students to graduate from the University of London remain in London; just under 15% go to the South-East, and just over 5% go to the East of England and 10% elsewhere.
Twin cities
The GLA has twin and sister city agreements with the following cities.[53]
Country | City | Region | Year | |
---|---|---|---|---|
China
|
Shanghai | Shanghai Municipality
|
2009[54] | |
China
|
Beijing | Beijing Municipality
|
2006[55] | |
France | Paris | Île-de-France | 2001 | |
Germany | Berlin | Berlin | 2000 | |
Russia | Moscow | Russian federal city
|
2002 | |
United States | New York City | New York | 2001[56] | |
Japan | Tokyo | Tokyo | 2005 | |
Croatia | Zagreb | City of Zagreb | 2009 | |
India | Mumbai | Maharashtra |
See also
- Geographical
- Central London
- Inner London
- Outer London
- London boroughs
- Greater London Urban Area
- London commuter belt
- Metropolitan Police District
- M25 motorway
- Political
- Mayor of London
- List of Lord Lieutenants of Greater London
- List of High Sheriffs of Greater London
- London Plan
- City of London
- Historical
- Others
Notes
References
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- ^ "Ethnic Group by measures". NOMIS. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
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- ^ "Home - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 19 December 1996. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ^ a b "2016 Mid-Year Estimates – London Datastore". Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
- ^ "T 08: Quinary age group and sex for local authorities in England and Wales; estimated resident population based on the 1991 Census; Mid-1981 Population Estimates". Office for National Statistics. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
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- ^ "T 09a: Mid-1991 Population Estimates; Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population". Office for National Statistics. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
- ^ "T 08: Selected age groups for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population; revised in light of the local authority population studies; Mid-2001 Population Estimates". Office for National Statistics. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
- ^ "T 09L: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2002 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration". Office for National Statistics. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
- ^ "T 09m: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2003 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration". Office for National Statistics. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
- ^ "T 09n: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2004 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration". Office for National Statistics. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
- ^ "T 09p: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2005 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration". Office for National Statistics. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
- ^ a b "T 08: 2011 Census – Population and Household Estimates for England and Wales, March 2011" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 16 July 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ "Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2013". 26 June 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
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- ^ BBC News – What future for grammar schools? Archived 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. 15 February 2003.
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External links
- Greater London Authority
- Greater London Online – London Community News, Information and Business Directory
- Greater London Business Community Directory[permanent dead link]
- Greater London at Curlie