Nanoparticle–biomolecule conjugate
A nanoparticle–biomolecule conjugate is a
Characterization
Major characteristics of nanoparticles include volume, structure, and visual properties that make them valuable in nanobiotechnology. Depending on specific properties of size, structure, and luminescence, nanoparticles can be used for different applications. Imaging techniques are used to identify such properties and give more information about the tested sample. Techniques used to characterize nanoparticles are also useful in studying how nanoparticles interact with biomolecules, such as
Chemistry
Physical
Nanomolecules can be created from virtually any element, but the majority produced in today's industry use
Interactions between nanoparticles and molecules change depending on the nanoparticle's core. Nanoparticle properties depend not only on the composition of the core material, but also on varying thicknesses of material used. Magnetic properties are particularly useful in molecule manipulation, and thus metals are often used as core material.[7] Metals contain inherent magnetic properties that allow for manipulation of molecular assembly. As nanoparticles interact with molecules via ligand properties, molecular assembly can be controlled by external magnetic fields interacting with magnetic properties in the nanoparticles. Significant problems with producing nanoparticles initially arise once these nanoparticles are generated in solution. Without the use of a
Application chemistry
Nanoparticles are desirable in today's industry for their high surface area-to-volume ratio in comparison with larger particles of the same elements. Because chemical reactions occur at a rate directly proportional to the available surface area of reactant compounds, nanoparticles can generate reactions at a much faster rate than larger particles of equal mass. Nanoparticles therefore are among the most efficient means of producing reactions and are inherently valuable in the chemical industry. The same property makes them valuable in interactions with molecules.[9]
Applications with biomolecules and biological processes
Nanoparticles have the potential to greatly influence biological processes.
Identification of biomolecules
Nanoparticles are valuable tools in identification of biomolecules, through the use of bio-tagging or labeling. Attachments of ligands or molecular coatings to the surface of a nanoparticle facilitate nanoparticle-molecule interaction, and make them biocompatible. Conjugation can be achieved through
To enhance visualization, nanoparticles can also be made to fluoresce by controlling the size and shape of a nanoparticle probe. Fluorescence increases luminescence by increasing the range of wavelengths the emitted light can reach, allowing for biomarkers with a variety of colors.[7] This technique is used to track the efficacy of protein transfer both in vivo and in vitro in terms of genetic alternations.
Biological process control
Biological processes can be controlled through
Genetic alteration
Nanoparticles can also be used in conjunction with DNA to perform genetic alterations. These are frequently monitored through the use of fluorescent materials, allowing scientists to judge if these tagged proteins have successfully been transmitted—for example
Medical implications
Small molecules in vivo have a short retention time, but the use of larger nanoparticles does not. These nanoparticles can be used to avoid immune response, which aids in the treatment of
Studying cell interactions
Cellular interactions occur at a microscopic level and cannot be easily observed even with the advanced microscopes available today. Due to difficulties observing reactions at the molecular level, indirect methods are used which greatly limits the scope of the understanding that can be gained by studying these processes essential to life. Advances in the material industry has evolved a new field known as nanobiotechnology, that uses nanoparticles to study interactions at the biomolecular level.[19]
One area of research featuring nanobiotechnology is the
Using nanobiotechnology to study the ECM allows scientists to investigate the binding interactions that occur between the ECM and its supporting environment. Investigators were able to study these interactions by utilizing tools such as
Nanotechnology crossing the blood–brain barrier
The
Nanotechnology is helpful in delivering drugs and other molecules across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Nanoparticles allow drugs, or other foreign molecules, to efficiently cross the BBB by camouflaging themselves and tricking the brain into providing them with the ability to cross the BBB in a process called the Trojan Horse Method.
References
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- ^ Wang, "Transmission Electron Microscopy of Shape-Controlled Nanocrystals and Their Assemblies", Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 104. (2000): 1153-1175. DOI 10.1021/jp993593c "[2]"
- ^ Chowdhury, "The use of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for biomedical applications", Dissertations Abstracts International. 67. (2005): 219. "[3]"
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- ^ Huichen Guo, Niagara M. Idris, Yong Zhang, "LRET-Based Biodetection of DNA Release in Live Cells Using Surface-Modified Upconverting Fluorescent Nanoparticles", 2011.
- ^ Prabha, Swayam, and Labhasetwar, Vinod, Nanoparticle-Mediated Wild-Type p53 Gene Delivery Results in Sustained Antiproliferative Activity in Breast Cancer Cells, 2004.
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