Nonce word

In linguistics, a nonce word—also called an occasionalism—is any word (lexeme), or any sequence of sounds or letters, created for a single occasion or utterance but not otherwise understood or recognized as a word in a given language.^[1][2] Nonce words have a variety of functions and are most commonly used for humor, poetry, children's literature, linguistic experiments, psychological studies, and medical diagnoses, or they arise by accident.

Some nonce words have a meaning at their inception or gradually acquire a fixed meaning inferred from context and use, but if they eventually become an established part of the language (

The term is used because such a word is created "for the nonce" (i.e., for the time being, or this once),^[2]: 455 coming from James Murray, editor of the Oxford English Dictionary.^[8]: 25 Some analyses consider nonce words to fall broadly under neologisms, which are usually defined as words relatively recently accepted into a language's vocabulary;^[9] other analyses do not.^[3]

A variety of more specific concepts used by scholars falls under the umbrella of nonce words, of which overlap is also sometimes possible:

• nonsense word: a nonce word that is meaningless
  • nonword: a nonsense word that is not even pronounceable in a particular language
  • pseudoword: a nonsense word that still follows the phonotactics of a particular language and is therefore pronounceable, feeling to native speakers like a possible word (for example, in English, blurk is a pseudoword, but bldzkg is a nonword); thus, pseudowords follow a language's phonetic rules but have no meaning^[10]
• typo
  or other simple error
• protologism: a nonce word that has achieved repeated usage, perhaps even by a small group but not beyond that (an intermediate step towards a neologism)
• stunt word: a nonce word intentionally coined to demonstrate the creator's cleverness or elicit an emotional reaction, such as admiration or laughter; such words are often noted in the works of Dr. Seuss, as in "Sometimes I am quite certain there's a Jertain in the curtain", in which the one-time use of Jertain refers to some unspecified fictional creature purely invented to create a whimsical rhyme with certain and curtain^[11]

Similar or related concepts

Many types of other words can also be meaningful nonce words, as is true of most

spoonerisms, malapropisms, etc. Furthermore, meaningless nonce words can occur unintentionally or spontaneously, for instance through errors (typographical or otherwise) or through keysmashes

.

In child development studies

Nonce words are sometimes used to study the development of language in children, because they allow researchers to test how children treat words of which they have no prior knowledge. This permits inferences about the default assumptions children make about new word meanings, syntactic structure, etc. "Wug" is among the earliest known nonce words used in language learning studies, and is best known for its use in Jean Berko's "Wug test", in which children were presented with a novel object, called a wug, and then shown multiple instances of the object and asked to complete a sentence that elicits a plural form—e.g., "This is a wug. Now there are two of them. There are two...?" The use of the plural form "wugs" by the children suggests that they have applied a plural rule to the form, and that this knowledge is not specific to prior experience with the word but applies to most English nouns, whether familiar or novel.^[12]

Nancy N. Soja, Susan Carey, and Elizabeth Spelke used "blicket", "stad", "mell", "coodle", "doff", "tannin", "fitch", and "tulver" as nonce words when testing to see if children's knowledge of the distinction between non-solid substances and solid objects preceded or followed their knowledge of the distinction between mass nouns and count nouns.^[13]

In literature

A poem by

Robert Heinlein in Stranger in a Strange Land, is now used by many to mean "deeply and intuitively understand".^[15] The poem "Jabberwocky" is full of nonce words, of which two, chortle and galumph, have entered into common use.^[15] The novel Finnegans Wake used quark ("three quarks for Muster Mark") as a nonce word; the physicist Murray Gell-Mann adopted it as the name of a subatomic particle.^[16]

See also

Wiktionary has a category on English nonce terms.

Wiktionary has a category on Nonce terms by language.

• Hapax legomenon
• Literary nonsense
• Metasyntactic variable
• Placeholder name
• Pseudoword
• Sniglet

Examples of nonce-word articles

• Foobar
• Glokaya kuzdra
• Gostak
• Jabberwocky
• Pompatus
• Protologism
• Runcible
• Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious

References

1. ^ "Nonce Word". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
2. ^
   ISBN 0521401798
3. ^ ^{a b} Crystal, David. (1997) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (4th Edition). Oxford and Cambridge (Mass., USA): Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
4. ^ Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 2001, p. 388
5. ISBN 978-0-262-11247-5
   .
6. ISBN 978-1-57230-984-5
   .
7. ISBN 978-0-19-511121-7
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8. OCLC 988760787
   .
9. ISBN 0-203-43286-X
10. ^ "DIBELS Nonsense Word Fluency, University of Oregon". Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
11. ^ "STUNT WORD". Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. 3 April 2019.
12. ISBN 978-0-8058-3033-0
    .
13. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(91)90051-5
    .
14. ISBN 0-571-23097-0
    .
15. ^ ^{a b} "OED online". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
16. ISBN 978-0-8050-7253-2
    .