Oakwood mutiny
This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2018) |
Oakwood mutiny | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
Government of the Philippines | Magdalo Group | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Narciso Abaya[1] Hermogenes Ebdane |
Gerardo Gambala | ||||||
Military support | |||||||
~300 defectors from the Armed Forces of the Philippines and Philippine National Police |
On July 27, 2003, the Oakwood mutiny was staged by a group of about 300 armed defectors from the
An official investigation was launched afterwards. A final report released in October of the same year identified the mutiny leaders, as well as underscoring the need for the modernization of the
Background
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2022) |
The Fact-Finding Commission
According to the report of the
Further findings gathered by the commission revealed that extensive planning and preparations for several months had preceded the events of July 27, 2003. "Gripe sessions" were held among military personnel sought to be recruited, which included the dissemination and discussion of copies of the "National Recovery Program" (NRP) authored by Col. Gregorio Honasan (retired), and a document entitled "The Last Revolution". Bloodletting meetings and the taking of an "Oath of Loyalty" by the recruits were conducted. The purchase of flags, armbands, uniforms, backpacks and other rebel paraphernalia, including telecommunications equipment and vehicles were also taking place.
A photograph taken in one of these meetings, which was released to the press by the
From July to December 2002, word began to spread about military personnel who were disseminating spurious queries about grievances within the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). Reports were leaked involving the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM), constituted by maverick junior officers and discontented enlisted personnel. These reports were submitted to Brig. Gen. Victor Corpus, confirmed by a later investigation that secret meetings were taking place among the insurgents; being held in Metro Manila, Central Luzon, and Mindanao.
Meetings reportedly took place in the Robinson's Galleria Suites in
In the June 12 meeting in San Juan, the following topics were discussed: the peace and order situation, the national economy, the alleged illegitimacy of the Arroyo administration, the Joseph Estrada plunder case, and the military's purported need to rectify the supposed errors brought about by the consequence of EDSA 2. It was during this meeting that Army Maj. Perfecto Ragil, a member of the AFP Electronics and Information Systems Services assigned to Malacañang Palace,[9] was tasked by Marine Capt. Gary Alejano to disable the palace's telephone system on "D-Day".[10]
Intelligence Reports
Based on intelligence reports, two documents of dubious origin were distributed during the meeting in San Juan. These documents were "designed to pollute the minds of the junior officers". The first was a supposed Memorandum of Instructions addressed to the Secretary of National Defense dated February 11, 2003, directing the full implementation of "Oplan Greenbase".
The document, purportedly signed by President
The meeting on the night of June 12 was reportedly attended by top RAM officers including Honasan and retired Navy Capt. Felix Turingan, and the rebel leaders Trillanes, Gambala, and other junior officers. The group planned to attack high impact targets such as the Malacañang Palace, Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Fort Bonifacio, Camp Crame, Villamor Air Base, Camp Aguinaldo, and all television and radio stations in Metro Manila.
The plotters underwent the ritual earlier described as bloodletting, which they termed "dinuguan". Apart from the gripe sessions and bloodletting rites, the Magdalo group’s preparations included the acquisition of rebel paraphernalia. On June 4, 2003, a male customer went to the International Flag House (IFH) in Manila and placed a job order for 100 pieces each of Philippine flags and Aguinaldo flags (i.e., displaying the Magdalo symbol). He deposited P1,000.00 for the job order, the total cost of which was P24,000.00. The customer wrote his name on Job Order 2186 as Armand Pontejos and his telephone number as 456-3222.
Subsequent additional orders were placed for more flags, which orders raised the total cost to P45,000.00. The customer was later identified as Navy Ensign Armand Pontejos, PMA '00, one of the rebel soldiers who went to Oakwood.
Another rebel soldier who went to Oakwood was Navy Lt. Manuel Cabochan, of PMA '95 who bought 49 sets of battle dress attire (BDA) uniforms, T-shirts, and combat boots worth P108,780.00 on June 30, 2003.
There is evidence the Magdalo group also acquired vehicles apparently to transport troops to target areas. On July 23, five Hyundai Aero buses (presumably second hand) were purchased for P2.10 million in cash by Francisco Dimaculangan and Isidro Samaco from a company named Car Option Sales, Inc.
One bus was later found in Oakwood while another was abandoned in Binakayan, Cavite. There is also evidence that some communications equipment used by the rebel soldiers were of the same specifications as those proposed to be acquired under the AFP Modernization Act. It was established that such equipment was not taken from any known or existing inventory of the AFP.
The Magdalo group, it appears, targeted Oakwood as the site for the execution of "Plan Charlie". On July 19, Gambala checked in at Oakwood under the name of George Uy, coincidentally the same name as SOUTHCOM Admiral George Uy. A cash deposit of P48,800.00 for room rental from July 19 to 28, 2003 was paid by someone calling herself Tina Uy Angeles, who made the reservation.
Discovery of the plot
From July 21 to 23, unauthorized troop movements apparently bound for Manila had been monitored upon validation of the information that there was restiveness among junior AFP officers.
Having validated the coup rumors and considering the troop movements, the government took a number of pre-emptive measures. It was fortuitous that these rumors and troop movements materialized just prior to President Arroyo's State of the Nation Address (SONA) scheduled for delivery on July 28. In connection with the SONA, the government was already taking measures to ensure the security of the president and the government. On July 10, the National Security Council (NSC) had requested the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA) to host a "small group" meeting of the Special Monitoring Committee Alpha (SMC Alpha), which was organized to ensure security during the SONA, together with the major service intelligence chiefs of the AFP and counter-intelligence specialists.
SMC Alpha is composed of representatives from various intelligence bodies, and is mandated to monitor domestic threats, particularly destabilization plots against the government, and to recommend appropriate counterintelligence measures. Its task is to prevent mass mobilizations from turning into a situation similar to the attempted siege of Malacañang Palace on May 1, 2001, by the supporters of former President Joseph Estrada.[11]
At the SMC Alpha meeting held on July 11, the details of the recruitment by the Magdalo group were discussed and those involved were identified. On the same day, NICA Director General Cesar Garcia reported to National Security Adviser Roilo Golez on the ongoing recruitment activities in the AFP by certain junior officers. Subsequently, SMC Alpha submitted a report from various intelligence sources that the plot being watched involved plans to temporarily reinstate deposed President Estrada.
On July 12, the intelligence group informed President Arroyo about persistent reports of rebel recruitment activities in the AFP and the Philippine National Police (PNP), particularly in Mindanao, Central Luzon, and Metro Manila. The Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence (J2), MGen. Pedro Cabuay, presented a summary of what was taken up at NICA the previous day. Considering its highly sensitive nature, the information was kept within a small group. Apart from the top officers of the AFP and the PNP, only a small number of Cabinet members attended. Recruitment efforts were noted to be most intense in the 1st Scout Ranger Regiment and Special Forces Regiment of the Special Operations Command, the Philippine Navy (SWAG), Fort Bonifacio Units, the Philippine Army’s Light Armor Brigade (LABDE) and the Anti-Crime Task Force (ACTAF). Most of those who were approached were junior officers from the PMA classes of ’95 thru ’99. Considering the situation as having developed into a crisis, the President immediately designated Golez as crisis manager. An action plan was approved which consisted of pre-emptive measures employing persuasion efforts on the one hand, and cracking down on the suspected plotters should they commit any overt illegal acts, on the other.[12]
Recruitment activities by suspected rebels were again reported during the July 14 meeting of the Cabinet Oversight Committee – Internal Security (COC-IS). The meeting discussed threats to SONA and the concomitant security preparations. At this time, the Government had not yet established concrete links between the recruitment of military officers as rebels and the anti-government mass actions mobilized for the SONA. In the meeting of SMC Alpha on July 15, the recruitment had been reported as led by a covert fraternity called the “New Filipino Heroes” who were advocating the adoption of the NRP of Honasan. Plans of the groups to rescue and release former President Estrada from the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and to take over radio and television stations were likewise revealed. Another meeting by the SMC Alpha took place on July 18 to ensure that the action plans agreed upon were already in place and being implemented.[13]
Having received reports about the troop movements, PNP Chief, Director General
It further appears that the intelligence community had been receiving reports that Honasan had been holding sessions with the members of the Magdalo group in Metro Manila and
Troop movements actually occurred two days before the Oakwood incident. Some 47 marines, carrying firearms were sighted coming from
Before the Oakwood incident, amid the coup rumors, Arroyo met with officers and men, including Trillanes and some members of PMA '94 and '95. On July 10, Navy Lt. Christopher Magdangal, an aide-de-camp to Arroyo and a member of PMA '95, called his classmate Trillanes to ask him about the veracity of reports that the latter was a leader of a rebel group moving to destabilize the government. Trillanes said he was surprised to hear such report and later confided to Magdangal, after several exchanges of text and cellular phone messages, that he was in fact receiving death threats over the phone. Trillanes then asked Magdangal if he could meet Arroyo in Malacañang on July 13 to clarify the issue with her.[16]
Trillanes, who would later act as spokesman of the Magdalo group, met with two members of the
In the evening of July 23, 2003, about 100 members of PMA '94 and '95 had dinner and a "photo opportunity" with President Arroyo in Malacañang Palace. A few days before the dinner,
President Arroyo also attended on July 24 the turn-over of the command at the FSRR in
In the early morning of July 26, the 10 suspected leaders declared unaccounted for by the AFP were identified as Trillanes, Layug, Gambala, Maestrecampo, and army officers Capt. Lawrence Louis Somera, Capt. Albert Baloloy, 1st Lt. Lawrence San Juan, 1st Lt. Florentino Somera, 1st Lt. Jose Enrico Demetrio Dingle, and 1st Lt. Waren Lee Dagupon. At 5:00 am, emergency meetings were held by Abaya, Golez, and Garcia with the general staff and senior officers to discuss the reports on the missing officers and the reported destabilization plot.
At around 10:00 am, Arroyo and Corpuz met with a group of NGOs at the EDSA Shrine. Corpuz announced that certain units from
At 2:00 pm, a meeting was held by the same group with House Speaker
At 5:00 pm of July 26, 2003, Arroyo convened a full cabinet meeting where Cabuay presented a briefing on the looming coup plot.[22] Thereafter, Arroyo publicly announced for the first time at 8:19 pm in the media that "a small band of rogue junior officers and soldiers had deserted their posts and illegally brought weapons with them".[23] The security plan of action was immediately set in motion. Task Force Libra (TF Libra), the counter-coup composite unit of the AFP, was set in motion. The action forces were immediately dispatched in anticipation of the rumored coup.
A week earlier, a meeting of the leaders of "anti-President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo" (PGMA) groups allegedly to discuss pre-SONA activities at the Danarra Hotel in Quezon City was monitored by Government intelligence.[24] On July 25, 2003, intelligence reports were received that some so-called "anti-PGMA" groups like the People's Movement Against Poverty (PMAP) and DEMOKRASYA had been instructed to assemble at the EDSA Shrine at 4:00 pm on July 27 and hold an overnight vigil there before proceeding to the Batasan area to hold anti-government rallies during the SONA. Invitations by the "anti-PGMA" group members to civilians to join the coup to be staged on July 27 were made through cellphone text messages. Among those who were recruited were past and present members of the DIABLO and Philippine Guardians Brotherhood, Inc. (PGBI).[25] Police Chief Inspector Leborio Jangao, one of the founding members of PGBI, stated he received cellphone text messages on July 26 informing him that a coup d'état would be staged on July 27. At this time the crime disturbance personnel of the PNP had already been instructed to secure the EDSA Shrine, the Connecticut Street area, and the Ortigas Avenue Extension area from rallyists. There were reports the EDSA Shrine would be the target where another EDSA 2 or EDSA 3 would be staged.[26]
Early on Friday night of July 25, the 80th Infantry Battalion based in
For his part,
At around 2:00 pm of July 26, the Mandaluyong City police started the deployment of at least one hundred forty (140) personnel at the Poveda, Connecticut, and Ortigas areas. Later at 3:00 pm, intelligence reports indicated a change of instructions to the rallyists manning the EDSA Shrine. The anti-government groups were advised to assemble at the EDSA Shrine at 6:00 am on July 27 instead.[21]
At about 7:00 pm of July 26, Maj. Gen. Efren L. Abu, Vice Commander PA and Commander of TF Libra, visited the 80th Infantry Battalion. By this time, TF Libra was already at its full strength. An hour later, Arroyo went on air and ordered the arrest of the junior officers who had deserted their posts. A conference presided over by Abaya was held at about 9:00 pm to assess the intelligence situation. Abu gave an update on the forces composition of TF Libra.
The PNP report on troop movement by Marines from Ternate, Cavite to the North or to Manila was confirmed by Cavite PNP Provincial Director Police Senior Superintendent Roberto L. Rosales and Marine Commandant, Maj. Gen. Emmanuel Teodosio. The advancing Marines were able to avoid checkpoints on their way to Makati by evasive movements. The PAF civil disturbance contingent earlier deployed at the Batasan area and the PN contingent at the VMMC, both in Quezon City, were then redeployed to the Makati area. An additional 100 Special Action Force (SAF) personnel of the PNP were then sent to secure the Batasan complex. In addition, one PA platoon and a PNP contingent reinforced the security forces of TV stations and telecommunications facilities.[28]
Also on July 26, Naval Base personnel in Cavite received a report that three suspicious-looking vehicles were parked at the back of the Naval Sea Systems Command Armory in Fort San Felipe, Cavite City.[29]
Following the order issued by Arroyo to the AFP and PNP for the arrest of the Magdalo officers at around 8:00 pm and the conference called by Abaya to assess the intelligence reports at 9:00 pm, operatives of the PNP’s
The mutiny
The Oakwood siege had been facilitated by earlier activities as seen in the foregoing account. The antecedents show that the rebellion was not a spontaneous phenomenon as extensive preparations and mobilization activities were undertaken prior to the occupation and control of the Oakwood Apartments.
The rebels took over Oakwood at past 1:00 am of July 27. Over 300 soldiers quietly entered the premises of Ayala Center in several groups.[31] The soldiers disarmed the security guards and took over Oakwood. They planted claymore mines around the building and in the vicinity. Snipers were posted at the Oakwood roof deck.[32]
Two government command groups were immediately dispatched after reports of the occupation of Oakwood, and of movement of the Marine contingent from Ternate towards Camp Aguinaldo were confirmed. The Crisis Management Staff was formed at the Command Operation Center in Camp Crame, and the Advanced Command Post of the PNP was established behind the
At about the same time, the security guards of Dasmariñas Village in Makati confirmed the presence of heavily armed men in full battle gear marching from Paraiso Street to the EDSA-Pasay Road gate of the village. The armed soldiers, wearing red armbands, forced the security guards to open the gate. They were seen crossing EDSA and going towards the direction of Ayala Center, Makati. The CIDG-NBI composite team confirmed that the rebel soldiers came from a house at 2177 Paraiso Street, Dasmariñas Village, owned by Ramon Cardenas who was residing at 1346 Palm Avenue in the same village. At 4:00 am TF Ayala of the Marine Corps had been activated and had occupied positions with infantry and armor, encircling the Ayala Center Complex.[33]
Between 4:00 and 5:00 am, the rebel soldiers were able to make arrangements to go on air to issue a public statement. The
Also at dawn, Alex Benasin, a resident of the Baseco compound at the Port Area, was busy recruiting residents of the compound to go to Oakwood for a consideration of P300.00 each.[35] Later, at about 8:30 am, members of the PGBI carrying banners of the NRP were seen in the Makati area but they were prevented by the PNP from reaching and camping in the vicinity of Oakwood. Pro-Estrada rallyists headed towards the People Power Monument on EDSA were also dispersed by police stationed in the area. It was reported that more pro-Estrada followers actively recruited people from various Metro Manila locations to regroup in the EDSA Shrine. Members of the PMAP marched in the direction of Makati from Greenhills.
After 9:00 am of July 27, Arroyo gave the rebel soldiers a 5:00 pm deadline to give up their positions peacefully and return to barracks. At around 1:00 pm, she declared the existence of a “
During the media briefing in the afternoon, other rebel officers besides the known leaders expressed their grievances against the Government while the press conference was going on.[34] Trillanes, in a side interview by a news reporter, stated that they were willing to negotiate.
Teodosio arranged for the rebels’ close family members to go to Oakwood and help persuade members of the rebel group to give up their plans.
Shortly before the 5:00 pm deadline, Arroyo announced an extension of the deadline to 7:00 pm. It was during the two-hour reprieve that negotiations with various personalities and groups of negotiators prospered. As the deadline approached, negotiations between the rebel soldiers and the government team led by the government chief negotiator, Ambassador Roy A. Cimatu, effectively extended the deadline indefinitely.[32] An agreement was forged between the two groups at 9:30 pm At 10:00 pm, Arroyo announced that the occupation of Oakwood was over. The rebels agreed to return to barracks and were out of the Oakwood premises by 11:00 pm.
Grievances
Based on the press conference held by the rebels during their hold of the hotel, they justified their actions that they are merely taking this drastic actions to air their grievances which are to name a few:
- Corruption in the AFP's Procurement System
- AFP Grievances Mechanism
- Sad and obsolete state of the AFP equipment
- State of the AFP Medical Services
- Benefits of soldiers Killed in Action
- State of the Philippine Air Force, and modernization
- Inadequate housing program for soldiers
- Overstaying retired officers in official housing for soldiers
Outcome
-
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
-
Flag of the rebel soldiers
The bloodless mutiny ended unsuccessfully within 18 hours when the soldiers failed to rally support from the public or the armed forces. All soldiers involved surrendered peacefully and were charged in a general
More than a year after the mutiny, its leaders apologized to President Arroyo for the failed military rebellion. Arroyo accepted the apology, but ruled out immediate pardon and said their trial would proceed.
Escape
On December 14, 2005, Marine Capt. Nicanor Faeldon, one of the alleged leaders, escaped from custody and heavy guard after a hearing at the Regional Trial Court of Makati. He later issued a statement saying that after keeping his silence for over two years, he was leaving to "join the fight for a credible government." He stated that he knew that such actions would bear no benefit for himself, that he would never run for public office, while noting that the events since 2003 have proven him right.[38] Shortly after his escape, four others of his co-accused, led by Army Lt. Lawrence San Juan also escaped from their detention in Fort Bonifacio, Makati.[39]
While outside, Capt. Faeldon called for civil disobedience and set up an organization, Pilipino.org. His website, www.pilipino.org.ph, received over a million visits in the days following his escape.[40] He also had himself videotaped and photographed inside various military camps throughout the Philippines posting the videos and pictures on his website,[41] saying that:
“Unless those corrupt generals man the gates themselves, no one can stop me from going in and out of these camps. The enlisted men and officers of the military and the police who remain loyal to the people will not turn me in.”[42]
He was recaptured on January 27, 2006, in Mandaluyong by the AITF under the supervision of PCI Franz Georsua[43]
He was placed in solitary confinement in the detention center of the Intelligence Service Armed Forces of the Philippines, in Camp Aguinaldo.
Guilty plea
On July 10, 2007, twelve junior officers, leaders of the Magdalo group – Magdalo is the name of the group of Officers involved in Oakwood Mutiny Incident, entered guilty
The verdict on the twelve officers, along with 17 others, will be released on the next scheduled hearing. The court will likely impose the penalty of “
On August 22, 2007, twelve of the accused were meted the sentence of
On December 20, 2007, fifty two officers led by Lt Jeveehboy Macarubbo of the Philippine Air Force was released upon the order of the Military Court. These officers were sentenced to be separated from the service. The mass release came after they were granted executive clemency that shortened the jail term handed down by a military tribunal.[48]
On April 29, 2008, the military tribunal, presided by Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Legaspi, sentenced 5 Magdalo soldiers to be discharged from service for pleading guilty for violation of Articles of War 96 (conduct unbecoming an officer and gentleman) for their participation in the July 27, 2003, Oakwood mutiny. Army 1st Lieutenants Lawrence San Juan, Sonny Bumidang, and Nathaniel Rabonza were discharged from the military service. Also sentenced were 1Lt. Jason Panaligan and 2Lt. Christopher Orogan, to 7 years and 6 months imprisonment for violating AW 97 (conduct prejudicial to good order and military discipline). The court's decision was still subject to the approval of President Arroyo.[49]
11 junior officers, led by Navy Lt. Senior Grade James Layug and Marine Capt. Gary Alejano, on June 10, 2008, altered their pleas to guilty to a general court martial for violations of the
Appointment, presidential pardon and release from detention
17 former members of the Magdalo group were each given a Philippine Drug Enforcement Agent (PDEA) badge and were appointed PDEA agents on May 6, 2008. They were part of the 53 junior officers who were honorably discharged after a plea bargain agreement after four years of detention.[51] Arroyo on May 12, 2008, approved the conditional pardon for 9 convicted Magdalo soldiers. Captains Milo Maestrecampo and Gerardo Gambala, Albert Baloloy, John Andres, Alvin Ebreo, Laurence Luis Somera, First Lieutenants Florentino Somera and Cleo Donga-as and Second Lieutenant Bryan Yasay, were all released from detention in Fort Bonifacio on May 16, 2008, by newly installed Army commander Lt. Gen. Victor Ibrado per Court release order, and after their signing of the joint sworn acceptance of conditional pardon.[52] On April 8, after plea of guilt, the Makati Regional Trial Court sentenced Gambala and Milo Maestrecampo to reclusion perpetua, while Army Captains Alvin Ebreo, Laurence Louis Somera, Albert Baloloy and John Andres, 1Lt. Florentino Somera, 2Lt. Kristoffer Bryan Yasay and 1Lt. Cleo Dongga were sentenced to prison mayor. On April 11, Army Captain Gerardo Gambala spoke for the 9 Magdalo officers, appealing for presidential pardon.[53] The 9th division of the Court of Appeals acquitted the coup d'état charges of Army 1Lt. Lawrence San Juan and 1Lt. Rex Bolo filed by the Department of Justice on April 5, 2015.[54]
Refusal to plea bargain
See also
- Hello Garci scandal
- Manila Peninsula Mutiny
External links
- The Facts Behind the Oakwood Mutiny
- Captain Nicanor Faeldon's "No Plea Bargain" statement
- Magdalo Official Website
- Report by the Fact Finding Commission on the Oakwood Mutiny
References
- ^ "Gen. Narciso L. Abaya". westpointaog.org.
- ^ a b Aglionby, John (July 28, 2003). "Hugs end Manila mutiny in mall". The Guardian. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f "WHAT WENT BEFORE: Oakwood Mutiny and Trillanes' 2nd try to oust Arroyo". Inquirer. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
- ^ Punongbayan, Michael (April 25, 2008). "Oakwood takeover was no coup, Biazon tells Makati court". The Philippine Star. Manila, Philippines: Philstar Global Corp. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
Testifying before the Makati Regional Trial Court, the retired Armed Forces chief said compared to the 1987 and 1989 military uprisings, the 2003 Oakwood mutiny was not a coup because the soldiers did not call for President Arroyo's removal from Malacañang...
- ^ Laurel, Herman T (February 22, 2006). "Small setback..." The Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
- ^ "The Report Of The Fact Finding Commission" (PDF). gmanews.tv.
- ^ "Honasan faces coup raps". philstar.com.
- ^ "The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0" (PDF). unicode.org.
- ^ "EN BANC (G.R. No. 159747, April 13, 2004)". elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph.
- ^ "The Oakwood Mutiny Timeline". images.gmanews.tv.
- ^ [Testimony of NICA Dir. Gen.Cesar Garcia on August 14, 2003, on "How the Coup Was Cracked Down".]
- ^ [Testimony of Golez on August 12, 03.]
- ^ [Ibid.]
- ^ [From the Briefing Manuscript by Cabuay during his testimony to the Commission on August 12, 2003.]
- ^ [Testimony of PNP Chief Superintendent Arturo Lumibao on August 14, 2003.]
- ^ a b [Testimony of Trillanes on August 13, 2003.]
- ^ [Testimony of Bangit on September 9, 2003.]
- ^ [Testimony of Magdangal on September 9, 2003.]
- ^ [Commission interview with Abaya during ocular visit to GHQ on September 29, 2003.]
- ^ [Interview by Commissioners Gonzaga-Reyes and Narciso with Capt. Segundino Orfiano in the presence of Atty. David Gabriel and Atty. Irwin Tiamson in the detention facility at the Villamor Airbase on October 6, 2003.]
- ^ a b [Testimony of Garcia on August 14, 2003.]
- ^ [From the “Briefing on the 2003 SONA and the Attendant Destabilization Activities” given to the Commission by NICA on August 14, 2003.]
- ^ [Statement of President Arroyo ordering the arrest of coup plotters on July 26, 2003, shown on ABS-CBN News Channel The World Tonight on July 26, 2003.]
- ^ [Testimony of Garcia of NICA on August 14, 2003.]
- ^ [Testimony of CIDG Chief Dir. Eduardo Matillano on August 25, 2003.]
- ^ [Testimony of PNP Gen. Reynaldo Vicente Velasco of NCRPO Mandaluyong on August 27, 2003.]
- ^ [Testimony of PA Vice Commander Gen.Efren Abu on August 14, 2003.]
- ^ [Exhibit “N-1” identified by Garcia on August 14, 2003, Fact Finding Commission]
- ^ [This report was relayed to the command duty officer, Naval Base Cavite and further relayed to Commander of NBC Commo Sanglay. On the investigation of vehicles used by rebel soldiers, a special report submitted by Capt. Alexander Pama, the assistant Chief for Naval Intelligence, provided details on the recovery of vehicles abandoned by the Oakwood mutineers.]
- ^ [Testimony of Matillano on August 25, 2003.]
- ^ [Testimony of Josefino Marcellones, September 8, 2003.]
- ^ a b [From the Briefing Manuscript submitted by Cabuay to the Commission on August 12, 2003.]
- ^ [From the After-Operations Report of the Philippine Marine Corps dated July 28, 2003, submitted to the Commission.]
- ^ a b [From the video tape of ANC’ s Special Coverage of the Oakwood Incident of July 27, 2003.]
- ^ [Exhibits “HH-1” to “HH-7” identified by DILG Sec. Jose Lina, Jr. on August 26, 2003.]
- ^ [General Order No. 4 read on air by Presidential Spokesman Sec. Ignacio Bunye on July 27, 2003.]
- ^ Fernandez, Jonathan F.; Pulta, Benjamin B. (September 25, 2004). "Oakwood Mutiny Leaders Say Sorry to Arroyo". SunStar. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
- ^ "Why Spring?". pilipino.org.ph (Press release). Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ^ Vargas, Anthony (January 19, 2006). "4 Magdaló Officers Escape from Camp". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on October 22, 2007. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ^ "Filipino Mutiny Leader Capt. Nicanor Faeldon's Website Draws More than 1 Million Visitors". The Singapore Internet Research Centre. February 2, 2006. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ^ "Downloads". pilipino.org.ph. Archived from the original on April 8, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ "Press Release". pilipino.org.ph (Press release). Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ^ "Military Lawyer Nabbed with Fugitive Officer Faces Charges". SunStar. January 29, 2006. Archived from the original on November 3, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ^ Calumpita, Ronnie E.; Vargas, Anthony (February 1, 2006). "Ex-Wife, CHR Probers Can't See Faeldon". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ^ Vargas, Anthony (January 10, 2007). "Hard Time for Hardcore Magdaló". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on March 13, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- The Daily Tribune. July 11, 2007. Archived from the originalon July 15, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
- ^ "12 Magdalos Meted Dishonorable Discharge". GMANews.tv. August 22, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
- ^ Dizon, Nikko (December 25, 2007). "Fight Against Corruption Still On, Says Freed Rebel Soldier". Inquirer.net. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
- ^ Merueñas, Mark (April 29, 2008). "5 Magdalo Soldiers Ordered Discharged After Plea Change". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ^ "11 Magdalo Officers Charged in Military Court Change Pleas to Guilty". ABS-CBN News. June 11, 2008. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
- ^ "17 Former Magdalo Members Take Oath as PDEA Agents". ABS-CBN News. November 29, 2000. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ^ "Nine Magdalo Soldiers Freed". ABS-CBN News. May 16, 2008. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ^ "Arroyo Approves Pardon for 9 Convicted Magdalo Soldiers". GMA News Online. May 12, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ^ Maglungsod, Brian (April 5, 2015). "CA Acquits 2 Magdalo Rebel Soldiers of Coup D'etat Charge in Oakwood Mutiny". Interaksyon. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
- ^ Faeldon, Nicanor E. (July 21, 2007). "No Plea Bargain". pilipino.org.ph. Archived from the original on September 17, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
- ^ Tordesillas, Ellen (August 10, 2007). "Passing Through". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved August 10, 2007.[dead link]