October Diploma
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Agenor_Go%C5%82uchowski_%28senior%29.jpg/220px-Agenor_Go%C5%82uchowski_%28senior%29.jpg)
The October Diploma was a
Causes
In 1860, Franz Josef and the Austrian Habsburg Empire were "threatened with a crisis of existence."[2] 1856 had begun a period of diplomatic isolation following the defeat of Russia, a key Austrian ally, in the Crimean War. The second war of Italian Independence had ended in 1859 with an Austrian defeat at the hands of Napoleon III, and Franz Josef was forced to cede Lombardy to the French. These losses worsened the already weak state of the Austrian economy and exposed the weaknesses of the empire's bureaucracy. Both liberals and conservatives were anxious for reform after a decade of near absolutist rule, while Hungarians and Czechs wanted greater autonomy over their own affairs.
In March 1860, Franz Josef asked the Imperial Parliament, or Reichsrat, to advise the emperor on matters of reform. The Reichsrat, composed almost entirely of conservative aristocrats, naturally recommended a reconstruction of the empire based on the principles of aristocratic federalism. Their report was ignored by Franz Josef, but by the end of the year, he would adopt the principles of aristocratic federalism in his own document.
It was the realities of foreign policy that led the emperor to adopt the conservatives’ ideas. He hoped to establish a Holy Alliance with
and believed that a strongly conservative domestic policy would be an advantage in the upcoming negotiations. He demanded that a constitution be written within a week and settled the general principles of the document during a train stop en route to the conference.Results
Historian
Almost immediately after the Diploma was passed, it became clear that it would not last long. The empire's finances continued to fail, further showing the weaknesses of the current administration. Prussia and the German Confederation began to sense a weakness in the monarchy that could be exploited, while Hungarians were furious with the few reforms they had been given. Additionally, the Tsar disapproved of granting a Federal Constitution to Galicia.[3]
In the end, it was the German liberals who were eventually able to effect change. These liberals made up a substantial number of the most powerful bureaucrats and, while they often opposed the emperor, they were supporters of a strong centralized state instead of a weak, federalized one. Through their influence, the emperor was pressured into appointing the liberal Anton von Schmerling as Secretary of State in December. Von Schmerling took to rewriting the October Diploma, and in February 1861, the emperor adopted the February Patent.
Notes
- ^ Okey, Robin. Habsburg Monarchy c. 1765-1918. pg. 178. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company, 1969.
- ^ Taylor, A.J.P. Habsburg Monarchy 1809-1918. pg. 100. Hamish Hamilton: London, 1951.
- Prothero, G W; Great Britain. Foreign Office. Historical Section (1920). Austrian Poland. Peace handbooks. H.M. Stationery Office, London, via World Digital Library. p. 22. Retrieved 2014-06-05.
Sources
- Jelavich, Barbara. The Habsburg Empire in European Affairs, 1814-1909. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company, 1969.
- Okey, Robin. Habsburg Monarchy c. 1765-1918. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002.
- Taylor, A.J.P. Habsburg Monarchy 1809-1918. Hamish Hamilton: London, 1951.