Operation Ceasefire
Operation Ceasefire (also known as the Boston Gun Project and the Boston Miracle[1]) is a problem-oriented policing initiative implemented in 1996 in Boston, Massachusetts. The program was specifically aimed at youth gun violence as a large-scale problem. The plan is based on the work of criminologist David M. Kennedy.
Boston
Through the late 1980s and early 1990s, Boston, like many cities in the United States, experienced an epidemic of youth gun homicides. Violence was particularly concentrated in poor inner city neighborhoods including
At the outset, the strategy was sponsored by the
- Assembled a multi- and interagency working group composed largely of line-level criminal justice practitioners;
- Applied qualitative and quantitative research techniques;
- Created an assessment of the nature of and dynamics driving youth violence in Boston;
- Adapted the intervention after implementation, and continued to do so throughout the program; and
- Evaluated the intervention's impact.
A core participating agency was defined as one that regularly participated in the Boston Gun Project Working Group over the duration of the project.[4] The participating core agencies included the Boston Police Department; Massachusetts departments of probation and parole; the Suffolk County district attorney; the office of the United States Attorney; the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms; the Massachusetts Department of Youth Services (juvenile corrections); Boston school police; and gang outreach and prevention streetworkers attached to the Boston Community center program. Other important partners with more intermittent participation include the Ten Points Coalition, the Office of the Massachusetts Attorney General, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the Massachusetts State Police.[2]
Design on the project began in 1995. It led to what is now known as the
Early impact evaluations suggested that the Ceasefire intervention was associated with significant reductions in youth homicide victimization,[6] shots fired, calls for service, and gun assaults in Boston.[2] Within two years of implementing Operation Ceasefire in Boston, the number of youth homicides dropped to ten, with one handgun-related youth homicide occurring in 1999 and 2000.[7] After a change in supervising personnel within the Boston police department and city government, this first site was abandoned. Youth homicides began to climb again with 37 in 2005 and reaching a peak of 52 in 2010.[8]
Findings and results
The Pareto principle in Ceasefire
Research on the Ceasefire method has found a profound and so far invariant connection between serious violence and highly active criminal groups.[5] A typical city-level finding is that groups collectively representing under 0.5% of the city's population will be connected as offenders, victims or both, with between half and three quarters of all homicide in the city[9]—an example of the Pareto principle: a large proportion of the effects comes from a small proportion of the causes. This is likely to be an underestimate, as only incidents known to be connected to street groups are counted as such; a substantial portion of those not known will also be group connected.[9]
In Boston, for example, which at the time had a population of roughly 556,180 people, approximately 1,500 individuals were identified as comprising 61 separate groups. This 0.3% of the population was responsible for 60% of the city's homicides.[2][10] Similarly, in Cincinnati in 1997, which had a population of about 333,210, between 800 and 1,000 individuals—less than 0.3% of the population—were identified as being group related, and were responsible for 75% of the city's homicides.[11]
Results and impact
Studies of Boston Operation Ceasefire found a 63% reduction in youth homicide.
Awards and recognition
In 2003, the program received the United States Department of Justice's "Outstanding Comprehensive Strategic Plan Award".[19]
In fiction
The crime drama series City on a Hill shows a fictionalized account of Operation Ceasefire.
Notable Documentaries
The Emmy nominated documentary Operation Ceasefire gives an inside look at the creation and implementation of the program through the testimonies of its key figures.
References
- ^ Duane, Daniel (January 2006). "Straight Outta Boston Why is the "Boston Miracle" -- the only tactic proven to reduce gang violence -- being dissed by the L.A.P.D., the FBI, and Congress?". Mother Jones. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
- ^ Anthony A. Braga, Anne M. Piehl (2001). Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire (PDF).)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - 212303.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Braga, Anthony A., David M. Hureau, Andrew V. Papachristos. "Deterring Gang Involved Gun Violence: Measuring the Impact of Boston's Operation Ceasefire on Street Gang Behavior" (PDF). Journal of Quantitative Criminology.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ ISBN 978-1608194148.
- doi:10.4073/csr.2012.6.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Rushefsky, Mark E. (2002). "Criminal Justice: To Ensure Domestic Tranquility (Chapter 7)". Public Policy in the United States: At the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
- ^ "CRIME DATA – January 1st – November 16th, 2009 vs. 2010 : BPDNEWS.COM". Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2014-10-23.
- ^ a b "National Network for Safe Communities".
- ^ Kennedy, David; Braga, Anthony; Piehl, Anne (1987), The(Un)Known Universe: Mapping Gangs and Gang Violence in Boston, In D. Weisburd and J.T. McEwen, Crime Mapping and Crime Prevention, New York: Criminal Justice Press, pp. 219–262
- ^ Engel, R.S., S.G Baker, M.S. Tilyer, J. Eck & M.S. Dunham (2008). Implementation of the Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV): Year 1 report. Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati Policing Institute.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - S2CID 1218757.
- S2CID 145710083.
- .
- ^ Meares, Tracey; Papachristos, Andrew (2009). "Homicide and Gun Violence in Chicago: Evaluation and Summary of the Project Safe Neighborhoods Program". Project Safe Neighborhoods Research Brief.
- S2CID 145644404.
- S2CID 145152540.
- S2CID 40777215.
- ^ "#054: 01-31-03 JUSTICE DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCES RECIPIENTS OF FIRST ANNUAL PROJECT SAFE NEIGHBORHOODS ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS". www.justice.gov. United States Department of Justice. January 31, 2003. Retrieved 14 December 2021.