Operation Phiboonpol
Operation Phiboonpol | |||||||
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Part of Laotian Civil War; Vietnam War | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Kingdom of Laos Supported by United States |
North Vietnam Supported by: Soviet Union People's Republic of China | ||||||
Units involved | |||||||
Bataillon Infanterie 20 1 Special Guerrilla Unit Bataillon Volontaires 43 Bataillon de Parachutistes 104 Thai mercenary company U.S. Air Force | Group 559 | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
Battalion and regimental-size |
~50,000 Three PT-76 tanks | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Heavy | Heavy |
Operation Phiboonpol (9–11 June 1971) was a "short but very intense engagement" of the
Overview
The
Background
Pathet Lao (PL) defections
In November 1970, charismatic Pathet Lao (PL) General Phomma Douangmala, who had been at odds with the Vietnamese communists, died of wounds while in a People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) hospital. The general's bodyguard captain blamed the Vietnamese for the general's death. On 26 March, the captain led a security platoon of 30 men from the 25th Special Fighters Battalion in its defection to the RLG. Another 89 defectors would follow in the next few days.[5]
The defecting captain supplied information that led to 43 sorties of tactical air strikes hitting the PAVN's Group 968. Then, the defecting platoon was joined by the remainder of the 25th Battalion.[5]
There were an additional 55 PL desertions in April. The commander of the 11th Pathet Lao Battalion was blamed for not preventing defections, and reduced in rank. The 11th Battalion then also defected, commander and men, in mid-April. Distrustful PAVN troops surrounded and disarmed the last PL battalion in the area, the 12th; most of those PL troops then deserted. The continuing defections amounted to the largest in the Laotian Civil War.[5]
Royal Lao Government (RLG) reverses
On 1 January 1971,
On 8 February 1971, Operation Lam Son 719 unexpectedly struck at the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The RLG had no prior notice of the South Vietnamese incursion. Laotian Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma claimed that Laotian neutrality depended on non-recognition of military operations in his country, and did not inform his military of the coming incursion.[4] There is no record of how the differing operations affected one another.[7] It is also said that Operation Silver Buckle, begun on 5 January in Military Region 3, was planned as a diversion to Lam Song 719.[8]
On 8 March, PAVN assaults overran PS 22 and three nearby outposts. 1 SGU retreated westward to Houei Kong. By 15 May, the communists had managed to secretively haul heavy weapons within firing range of the central Bolovens intersection of Routes 23 and 232, as well as the village of Pak Song at the junction. Royalist Bataillon Infanterie 20 (BI 20) held the town and its intersection; a contingent of 127 Pathet Lao defectors were stationed on a hilltop northwest of town. About 30 12.7mm machine guns had been brought in by the communists as antiaircraft weapons. With supportive tactical air power kept at bay, and with artillery pounding their position, BI 20 deserted their defenses before PAVN infantry attacked. The PL defectors also fled, but were trapped by PAVN pursuers at the top of a sheer cliff and wiped out. The sickly MR 4 commander tried to rally his troops into a defense at Ban Gnik. This was the situation just prior to Operation Phiboonpol.[9]
Operation Phiboonpol
One history has noted that the Laotian Civil War was marked "...by short but very intense engagements."
The commanding general of MR 4, Phasouk Somly Rasphakdi, was loath to counterattack. He not only had a demoralized lot of defeated troops to inspire; he also faced the beginning of the rainy season. While the monsoon would clog the communist aggressors' resupply routes, it would also interfere with tactical air support of the Royalists' attacks. Nevertheless, the general's CIA advisors prodded him into the offensive Operation Phiboonpol. On 9 June 1971, his disgruntled force of five battalions moved slightly eastward from Ban Gnik. The following night, a PAVN counterassault headed by three of the first communist tanks ever committed to battle in MR 4 struck and stalled them. As the PT-76 tanks fired upon the Royalist forward command post, U.S. Air Force (USAF) AC-130 gunships could not penetrate heavy cloud cover to offer supportive fire to the Royalists. As daylight came, sunshine burned away the low lying clouds.[11]
The communists began human wave frontal attacks on the Royalists as the fog cleared.
The response came from Pakse, as a company of Thai mercenaries trundled down Route 23 to the rescue. They dismounted from their trucks several kilometers short of the battle, and began to route march in. They walked into a communist ambush. The mercenaries' extinction was overheard on the radio net. But while this was happening, USAF fighter-bombers arrived with close air support for the Royalists. Among the casualties they inflicted were the destruction of one tank and the damaging of the final one. An estimated 700 PAVN soldiers were killed.[12]
Results
Operation Phiboonpol then settled into fixed positions just west of Ban Gnik. The Royalists thus managed to cling to the Bolovens Plateau, and secure Route 23. For several weeks, vultures feeding on unburied corpses on the battlefield constituted an ongoing danger to pilots flying in the area.[13]
U.S. Ambassador
Notes
- ^ Castle, p. 107.
- ^ Conboy, Morrison, pp. 217–224, 269–272, 276–278.
- ^ Conboy, Morrison, pp. 281–292.
- ^ a b Castle, p. 109.
- ^ a b c d Conboy, Morrison, p. 286.
- ^ Conboy, Morrison, pp. 281–284.
- ^ Castle, pp. 108–109.
- ^ Conboy, Morrison, p. 289.
- ^ Conboy, Morrison, pp. 286–287.
- ^ Dommen, p. 59.
- ^ a b c Conboy, Morrison, p. 287.
- ^ Conboy, Morrison, pp. 287–288.
- ^ Conboy, Morrison, p. 288.
- ^ Hukle, p. 1.
References
- Castle, Timothy N. (1993). At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975. ISBN 0-231-07977-X.
- Conboy, Kenneth and James Morrison (1995). Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. Paladin Press. ISBN 978-1-58160-535-8.
- Dommen, Arthur J., Chapter 1. Historical Setting. Savada, Andrea Matles, ed. (1995). Laos a country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 0-84440-832-8.
- Hukle, Donald G.; Melvin F. Porter; Paul T. Ringenbach; Richard R. Sexton; Judith A. Skipworth; Adolph H. Zabka. (1974). The Bolovens Campaign, 28 July - 28 December 1971 (Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report). Pacific Air Force CHECO Division. ASIN: B00B65VIOU.