Opitz G/BBB syndrome

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Opitz G/BBB syndrome
Other namesHypertelorism-oesophageal abnormality-hypospadias syndrome

Opitz G/BBB syndrome, also known as Opitz syndrome, G syndrome or BBB syndrome, is a rare

abnormalities, and hypertelorism-hypospadias syndrome.[2]

One out of every 50,000 to 100,000 males is born with X-linked type II Optiz G/BBB syndrome, but professionals believe that condition is under diagnosed and there are actually many more cases.

22q11.2 deletion syndrome. This group includes several other diseases that all result because of a small deletion of chromosome 22 at the q11.2 location.[4]

Signs and symptoms

The three most common symptoms of Opitz G/BBB syndrome (both type I & II) are

life-threatening situations. Commonly, there may be a gap between the trachea and esophagus, referred to as a laryngeal cleft; which can allow food or fluid to enter the airway and make breathing and eating a difficult task.[5]

Genital abnormalities like a urinary opening under the penis (hypospadias), undescended testes (cryptorchidism), underdeveloped scrotum and a scrotum divided into two lobes (bifid scrotum) can all be commonplace for males with the disease.[6]

Developmental delays of the brain and nervous system are also common in both types I and II of the disease.

ocular hypertelorism.[9]

Cause

Opitz G/BBB Syndrome is a rare genetic condition caused by one of two major types of mutations: MID1 mutation on the short (p) arm of the X chromosome or a mutation of the 22q11.2 gene on the 22nd chromosome.[10]

Mechanism

Both X-linked Type I and Autosomal dominant Type II Optiz G/BBB syndromes are caused by

genetic mutations. However, while the X-linked form is caused by a mutation on the midline 1 (MID1) gene on the short (p) arm of the X chromosome; the autosomal dominant form is due to a mutation on chromosome 22. Both forms of the disease result in physical deformities along the centerline of the body.[citation needed
]

In X-linked Type I patients, the mutation in the MID1 gene leads to less functional midline-1 proteins. These proteins are responsible for binding to the cytoskeleton and assist the cell during cell division. It seems these issues with early cell division have a significant impact on the physical deformities that typically accompany the disease.

Autosomal dominant Type II patients endure a mutation on chromosome 22, most commonly at 22q11.2. Some researchers consider Opitz G/BBB syndrome to be a type of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (a slightly different and broader disease). In some cases of autosomal dominant Opitz G/BBB syndrome, the disease is caused by a mutation in the SPECC1L gene (near the 22q11.2 gene), which helps make cytospin-A. Cytospin-A is a protein imperative to the formation of facial features and is often considered responsible for the

cleft lip or palate that Opitz G/BBB syndrome patients will have.[11]

Since physical abnormalities can affect all body parts along the midline of the body, many different body systems are at risk of being damaged. Those systems commonly affected are the

anomalies may occur, such as a prominent forehead, widow's peak, broad nasal bridge. Those with the disease may also experience hypospadias (urinary opening in males is not at the head of the penis) and developmental delay, as well.[13]

Diagnosis

X-linked type I Opitz G/BBB Syndrome is diagnosed on clinical findings, but those findings can vary greatly: even within the same family. Manifestations of X-linked type I are classified in the frequent/major findings and minor findings that are found in less than 50% of individuals.[14]

The three major findings that suggest a person has X-linked Type I Opitz G/BBB Syndrome:

  1. Ocular hypertelorism
    (~100% cases)
  2. Hypospadias (85-90% cases)
  3. Laryngotracheoesophageal abnormalities (60-70%)

Minor findings found in less than 50% of individuals:

  1. Intellectual disability
  2. Cleft lip/palate
  3. Congenital heart defects
  4. Imperforate (blocked) anus
  5. Brain defects (especially corpus callosum)

[15]

In 1989, Hogdall used ultra

sonographs to diagnose X-linked Type I Opitz G/BBB Syndrome after 19 weeks of pregnancy, by identifying hypertelorism (widely-spaced eyes) and hypospadias (irregular urinary tract openings in the penis).[16]

There is also

exons of the entire MID1 gene.[17]

Prevention

In terms of prevention, several researchers strongly suggest

prenatal testing for at-risk pregnancies if a MID1 mutation has been identified in a family member. Doctors can perform a fetal sex test through chromosome analysis and then screen the DNA for any mutations causing the disease. Knowing that a child may be born with Opitz G/BBB syndrome could help physicians prepare for the child's needs and the family prepare emotionally. Furthermore, genetic counseling for young adults that are affected, are carriers or are at risk of carrying is strongly suggested, as well (Meroni, Opitz G/BBB syndrome, 2012). Current research suggests that the cause is genetic and no known environmental risk factors have been documented. The only education for prevention suggested is genetic testing for at-risk young adults when a mutation is found or suspected in a family member.[18]

Treatment

Because the variability of this disease is so great and the way that it reveals itself could be multi-faceted; once diagnosed, a multidisciplinary team is recommended to treat the disease and should include a

speech pathologist, and a medical geneticist. Several important steps must be followed, as well.[citation needed
]

Many surgical repairs may be needed, as assessed by professionals. Furthermore, special education therapies and psychoemotional therapies may be required, as well. In some cases, antireflux drugs can be prescribed until risk of breathing and swallowing disorders are removed. Genetic counseling is highly advised to help explain who else in the family may be at risk for the disease and to help guide family planning decisions in the future.[19]

Because of its wide variability in which defects will occur, there is no known mortality rate specifically for the disease. However, the leading cause of death for people with Opitz G/BBB syndrome is due to infant death caused by aspiration due to esophageal, pharyngeal or laryngeal defects.[20] Fortunately, to date there are no factors that can increase the expression of symptoms of this disease. All abnormalities and symptoms are present at birth.[21]

Since the symptoms caused by this disease are present at birth, there is no “cure.” The best cure that scientists are researching is awareness and

Prevention
is the only option at this point in time for a cure.

References

  1. Chen, J., & Chen, J. (2015, 7 19). Opitz GBBB Syndrome. Retrieved 7 19, 2015, from Hinsdale Township High School District 86: http://www.hinsdale86.org/staff/kgabric/Disease15/Opitz%20GBBB%20Syndrome/[permanent dead link]
  2. McKusick, V. A. (2015, March 17). Opitz GBBB Syndrome, Type I. Cleveland, Ohio, USA: Johns Hopkins University.
  3. McKusick, V. A. (2015, March 17). Opitz GBBB Syndrome, Type II. (C. L. Kniffin, Ed.) Cleveland, Ohio, USA: Johns Hopkins University.
  4. Meroni, G. (2012, August). Opitz G/BBB syndrome.
  5. Meroni, G. (2011, July 28). X-Linked Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. GeneReviews . Seattle, Washington, USA: University of Washington, Seattle.
  6. Right Diagnosis. (2015, April 17). Complications of Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. (Health Grades, Inc.) Retrieved July 28, 2015, from Right Diagnosis from healthgrades: http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/o/opitz_g_bbb_syndrome/complic.htm
  7. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2015, January 1). Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. Retrieved July 19, 2015, from Genetics Home Reference: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/opitz-g-bbb-syndrome

Notes

  1. ^ Chen, J., & Chen, J. (2015, 7 19). Opitz GBBB Syndrome. Retrieved 7 19, 2015, from Hinsdale Township High School District 86: http://www.hinsdale86.org/staff/kgabric/Disease15/Opitz%20GBBB%20Syndrome/[permanent dead link]
  2. ^ Meroni, G. (2011, July 28). X-Linked Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. GeneReviews . Seattle, Washington, USA: University of Washington, Seattle.
  3. ^ Meroni, G. (2011, July 28). X-Linked Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. GeneReviews . Seattle, Washington, USA: University of Washington, Seattle.
  4. ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2015, January 1). Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. Retrieved July 19, 2015, from Genetics Home Reference: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/opitz-g-bbb-syndrome
  5. ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2015, January 1). Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. Retrieved July 19, 2015, from Genetics Home Reference: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/opitz-g-bbb-syndrome
  6. ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2015, January 1). Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. Retrieved July 19, 2015, from Genetics Home Reference: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/opitz-g-bbb-syndrome
  7. ^ McKusick, V. A. (2015, March 17). Opitz GBBB Syndrome, Type I. Cleveland, Ohio, USA: Johns Hopkins University.
  8. ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2015, January 1). Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. Retrieved July 19, 2015, from Genetics Home Reference: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/opitz-g-bbb-syndrome
  9. ^ Meroni, G. (2011, July 28). X-Linked Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. GeneReviews . Seattle, Washington, USA: University of Washington, Seattle.
  10. ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2015, January 1). Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. Retrieved July 19, 2015, from Genetics Home Reference: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/opitz-g-bbb-syndrome
  11. ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2015, January 1). Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. Retrieved July 19, 2015, from Genetics Home Reference: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/opitz-g-bbb-syndrome
  12. ^ McKusick, V. A. (2015, March 17). Opitz GBBB Syndrome, Type I. Cleveland, Ohio, USA: Johns Hopkins University.
  13. ^ McKusick, V. A. (2015, March 17). Opitz GBBB Syndrome, Type I. Cleveland, Ohio, USA: Johns Hopkins University.
  14. ^ Meroni, G. (2011, July 28). X-Linked Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. GeneReviews . Seattle, Washington, USA: University of Washington, Seattle.
  15. ^ Meroni, G. (2011, July 28). X-Linked Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. GeneReviews . Seattle, Washington, USA: University of Washington, Seattle.
  16. ^ McKusick, V. A. (2015, March 17). Opitz GBBB Syndrome, Type I. Cleveland, Ohio, USA: Johns Hopkins University.
  17. ^ Meroni, G. (2011, July 28). X-Linked Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. GeneReviews . Seattle, Washington, USA: University of Washington, Seattle.
  18. ^ Meroni, G. (2011, July 28). X-Linked Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. GeneReviews . Seattle, Washington, USA: University of Washington, Seattle.
  19. ^ Meroni, G. (2011, July 28). X-Linked Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. GeneReviews . Seattle, Washington, USA: University of Washington, Seattle.
  20. ^ Right Diagnosis. (2015, April 17). Complications of Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. (Health Grades, Inc.) Retrieved July 28, 2015, from Right Diagnosis from healthgrades: http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/o/opitz_g_bbb_syndrome/complic.htm
  21. ^ Meroni, G. (2011, July 28). X-Linked Opitz G/BBB Syndrome. GeneReviews . Seattle, Washington, USA: University of Washington, Seattle.

External links

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