Orsini affair
The Orsini affair comprised the diplomatic, political and legal consequences of the "Orsini attempt" (French: attentat d'Orsini): the attempt made on 14 January 1858 by Felice Orsini, with other Italian nationalists and backed by English radicals, to assassinate Napoleon III in Paris.[1]
In the United Kingdom the
After the assassination attempt,
Background in the Risorgimento
The attack carried out by Orsini and his group was justified by its supporters in terms of the
Policy on asylum in the UK
British politics and diplomacy of this period assumed that political exiles and refugees should be given asylum. In the period 1823 (de facto) to the
Context in British radicalism
In the year before the attack in Paris, Orsini had been a popular lecturer, touring in England and Scotland. The other main members of Orsini's group in the plot were both Italian and then in England, where they were known as language teachers.
Orsini had spent periods in England, and had made numerous contacts. The immediate context of the "affair" was, however, his falling-out with the group often known as the 'Muswell Hill brigade', around
Orsini's plot involved other radicals. He learned about the chemistry of explosives from
Allsop arranged for the manufacture of "Orsini bombs" with a firm in Birmingham, and others tested them out in the countryside.[9] Furthermore, Allsop provided Orsini with an old British passport under which to travel to France.[10]
Assassination attempt
On the evening of 14 January 1858, as Napoleon III and
The attack killed eight people and a horse, the Emperor's military escort taking the brunt. Estimates of the wounded ran to 150.[11] The construction of the carriage protected the passengers: Orsini himself was wounded.[12] He tended his wounds and returned to his lodgings, where police found him the next day.
Arrest and trial of Orsini
Orsini fled the scene of the assassination attempt, but was arrested shortly afterwards. He stood trial and was condemned to die by the
Before the trials, early in February, Charles-Marie-Esprit Espinasse became minister of the Interior; he replaced Adolphe Augustin Marie Billault. His brief period in that post coincided with a time of internal repression in France, with the passing of the Loi de sûreté générale, and numerous deportations of political opponents of the Emperor to French Algeria.[17]
Consequences for French foreign policy
An immediate result was that
British domestic politics
The affair was exploited by
The year 1858 saw the creation of the National and Constitutional Defence Association, a pressure group for a volunteer military rifle corps, designed to resist invasion. Its secretary was
Prosecutions in the British courts
The incoming administration of Lord Derby continued, however, the prosecutions Palmerston had set in motion. Allsop had escaped after the event to America, as Hodge did to Piedmont;[28] Holyoake was not suspected.
The state trials turned the Orsini affair into a
Bernard prosecution
Simon Bernard was an expatriate French follower of Charles Fourier. It was alleged against him that he had introduced two of the plotters, Pierri and de Rudio.[15] He was arrested, on a charge of conspiracy; but with the change of government he was put on trial for involvement in one of the murders in Paris. Because the death had been abroad, a Special Commission was required.[33]
Bernard was prosecuted by
Truelove prosecution
Tyrannicide: is it Justifiable? was a pamphlet by
Truelove was prosecuted by the British government, on a charge of
After the verdict in the Bernard case, the government dropped these prosecutions.[33] Mill commented on the Truelove trial in Ch. 2 of On Liberty (1859).[36]
Landor libel case
Imitators
In 1861
See also
- Suez Canal Company
References
- ISBN 9780521088152.
- ^ Sabine Freitag (2003), Exiles from European Revolutions: Refugees in mid-Victorian England (2003), p. 87; Google Books.
- R. W. Seton-Watson, Britain in Europe 1789 to 1914 (1937), p. 373; Google Books.
- ^ The New York Times, The Attempted Assassination of the Emperor of the French; Antecedents of the Conspirators. Complete History of the Plot and its Denouement.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50085. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Felix Moscheles, Fragments of an Autobiography (2010), p. 129; Google Books.
- Jessie Meriton White, p. 121; archive.org.
- ^ Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. .
- ^ "GRENADE USED IN THE LATE ATTEMPT ON THE LIFE OF THE FRENCH EMPEROR". The Illustrated London News. 27 February 1858. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012.
- ^ Thomas Curson Hansard, Hansard's Parliamentary Debates vol. 149 (1858), p. 598; Google Books.
- ISBN 978-0-275-95080-4.
- ISBN 978-1-107-02485-4.
- Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination (2005), p. 115 note 89; Google Books.
- ^ Blumberg, p. 172 note 57; Google Books.
- ^ a b Ernest Alfred Vizetelly, Court Life of the Second French Empire, 1852–1870 (1908), pp. 114–20; archive.org.
- Cambridge Modern History vol. 9 (1934), p. 375; Google Books.
- ^ Alain Plessis, Jonathan Mandelbaum, The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852–1871 (1988), p. 145; Google Books.
- ^ Blumberg, p. 19; Google Books.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14800. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Walter Laqueur, A History of Terrorism (1977), p. 119; Google Books.
- ^ C. T. McIntire, England against the Papacy, 1858–1861: tories, liberals, and the overthrow of papal temporal power during the Italian Risorgimento (1983), p. 14; Internet Archive.
- ^ William H. C. Smith, The Bonapartes: the history of a dynasty (2007), p. 167; Google Books.
- ^ Steven L. Jacobs, Maven in Blue Jeans: a festschrift in honor of Zev Garber (2009), p. 377; Google Books.
- ^ Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. .
- ^ Evelyn Denison, 1st Viscount Ossington, Notes from my Journal when Speaker of the House of Commons (1900), p. 12;archive.org.
- ^ Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. .
- ^ Hugh Cunningham, The Volunteer Force: a social and political history, 1859–1908 (1975), p. 7; Google Books.
- ^ Bernard Porter, The Refugee Question in Mid-Victorian Politics (2008), p. 190 note 113; Google Books.
- ^ The Argus (Melbourne), Saturday 10 July 1858, p.6.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3183. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ John Collins Francis, Notes by the Way (1909), p. 212; s:Page:Notes by the Way.djvu/282.
- ^ Roman Golicz, Napoleon III, Lord Palmerston and the Entente Cordiale, History Today (2000); online at historybookshop.com Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Reginald Baliol Brett (editors), The Letters of Queen Victoria vol. 3 (1907), p. 273 note 2; archive.org.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/92469. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ gerald-massey.org.uk, Tyrannicide: is it Justifiable?.
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/42327. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Catherine Hall, Keith McClelland, Jane Rendall, Defining the Victorian Nation: Class, Race, Gender and the British Reform Act of 1867 (2000), p. 81; Google Books.
- ^ Margot C. Finn, After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics 1848–1874 (2004), p. 184;Google Books.
- ^ Joan Allen, Joseph Cowen and Popular Radicalism on Tyneside 1829–1900 (2007), p. 41 and p. 45.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39340. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15980. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Martha Crenshaw, Terrorism in Context (1995), p. 39; Google Books.
Further reading
- Blumberg, Arnold (1990). A Carefully Planned Accident: the Italian war of 1859. Associated University Presse. ISBN 9780945636076.