Partition chromatography

Partition chromatography theory and practice was introduced through the work and publications of Archer Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge during the 1940s.^[1] They would later receive the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for their invention of partition chromatography".^[2]

Synopsis

The process of separating mixtures of chemical compounds by passing them through a column that contains a solid stationary phase that was eluted with a mobile phase (

on a water-impregnated silica column eluted with a water:chloroform:n-butanol solvent mixture.

Impact on separation methodology

The previously described work of Martin and Synge impacted the development of the previously known column chromatography and inspired new forms of chromatography such as countercurrent distribution,^[9] paper chromatography,^[10] and gas-liquid chromatography which is more commonly known as gas chromatography. The modification of silica gel stationary phase led to many creative ways of modifying stationary phases in order to influence the separation characteristics. The most notable modification was the chemical bonding of alkane functional groups to silica gel to produce reversed-phase media.^[11] The original problem that Martin and Synge encountered with devising an instrument that would employ two free-flowing liquid phases was solved by Lyman C. Craig in 1944, and commercial counter-current distribution instruments were used for many important discoveries.^[12] The introduction of paper chromatography was an important analytical technique which gave rise to thin-layer chromatography.^[13] Finally, gas-liquid chromatography, a fundamental technique in modern analytical chemistry, was described by Martin with coauthors A. T. James and G. Howard Smith in 1952.^[14]

References