Paul Rudolph (architect)
Paul Rudolph | |
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Born | Elkton, Kentucky, US | October 23, 1918
Died | August 8, 1997 New York City, US | (aged 78)
Alma mater | Auburn University Harvard Graduate School of Design |
Occupation | Architect |
Buildings | Yale Art and Architecture Building |
Paul Marvin Rudolph (October 23, 1918 – August 8, 1997) was an American architect and the chair of
Early life, education, and personal life
Paul Marvin Rudolph was born October 23, 1918, in
Rudolph earned his bachelor's degree in architecture at
: 26Paul Rudolph was gay, though not openly, due to the political and societal climate of the time. He lived in his Beekman Street apartment with his partner, Ernst Wagner.[3][4]
Work
Sarasota, Florida
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cocoon_House_%28Paul_Rudolph_and_Ralph_Twitchell%2C_Architects%29.jpg/220px-Cocoon_House_%28Paul_Rudolph_and_Ralph_Twitchell%2C_Architects%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sarasota_High_School_Addition_%28Paul_Rudolph%2C_Architect%29.jpg/220px-Sarasota_High_School_Addition_%28Paul_Rudolph%2C_Architect%29.jpg)
Following his studies at Harvard, Rudolph moved to Sarasota, Florida, and partnered with Ralph Twitchell for four years, until he started his own practice in 1952. Rudolph's Sarasota time is now part of the period labeled Sarasota School of Architecture in his career.
Notable for its appearance in the 1958 book Masters of Modern Architecture, the W. R. Healy Guest House – nicknamed "The Cocoon House" – was a one-story guest house built in 1950 on Siesta Key, Sarasota, Florida. The roof was concave and was constructed using a built-up spray-on process that Rudolph had seen used to cocoon disused ships during his time in the US Navy (hence, the house's nickname). In addition, Rudolph used jalousie windows, which enabled the characteristic breezes to and from Sarasota Bay to flow through the house.
His first independent work, post Twitchell, was the Walker Guest House, a sparse exoskeleton structure built in the sand dunes and scrub of Sanibel Island in 1953. It was Rudolph's most clearly articulated and rigorously geometric residential project in Florida.[2]: 96–100 Rudolph considered the guesthouse to be one of his favorite projects, exhibiting pure architectural ideals suited to its environment.[5]: 65 [2]: 133
Other Sarasota
Another school building design in Sarasota was Rudolph's 1960 addition to Sarasota High School, a concrete structure that utilized large overhanging sunshades and "internal" yet outside corridors with natural ventilation. This building, along with a gymnasium structure built at the same time, has recently undergone a renovation by the Sarasota County School Board that reinstated the building's original exterior appearance, but contains a completely new interior layout.[8] A portion of the original architecture has been incorporated into the adjacent Sarasota Art Museum.
Yale and Brutalism
In the late 1950s, Paul Rudolph's Florida houses began to attract attention outside of the architectural community and he started receiving commissions for larger works such as the Jewett Arts Center (1955) at
While chair of the Department of Architecture at Yale, Rudolph taught Muzharul Islam, Norman Foster, and Richard Rogers, all attending the Master's course as scholarship students. Foster in particular has noted the significant influence that Rudolph had upon him.[3] Rudolph was invited to Bangladesh by Muzharul Islam and designed Bangladesh Agricultural University.
He worked on the Milam Residence, which was designed and constructed between 1959 and 1961.
It still stands today on Florida's eastern coast, outside
In 1958, Rudolph was commissioned to create a master plan for Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama. He later collaborated with graduates of Tuskegee's architecture school on the design of a new chapel building, completed in 1969.
He also designed the Endo Pharmaceuticals Building in Garden City, New York (1964), the Dana Arts Center (1969) at Colgate University, the Boston Government Service Center (1971), First Church in Boston (1972), and the Burroughs Wellcome headquarters (1972, demolished 2021) in North Carolina.[11]
The main campus of University of Massachusetts Dartmouth (originally known as Southeastern Massachusetts Technological Institute, and later as the Southeastern Massachusetts University) was a continuing focus of his work. His association started in 1963, and continued in various capacities through the 1980s. He personally designed several buildings, but his overall architectural vision guided the development of the entire campus for decades.[12]
His Shoreline apartments in Buffalo, completed in 1974, were pioneering low income housing, designed as part of a larger masterplan for the city's waterfront that was never completed.[13]
Later years
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/McClintic_and_Cornell_House%2C_New_York_City%2C_NY.jpg/170px-McClintic_and_Cornell_House%2C_New_York_City%2C_NY.jpg)
Rudolph left Yale in 1965, and his career had declined gradually during the 1970s.
In a departure from his monolithic concrete works, Rudolph designed reflective glass office towers such as the
His personal residence at 23 Beekman Place in the midtown east neighborhood of Manhattan became internationally famous. Over the years, he built an idiosyncratic exterior addition, and modified the interior with multiple levels and his own flair for decoration and display of art.[1]
Death and legacy
Rudolph's last years were shadowed by cancer, which ravaged his body.[1] He died on August 8, 1997, at the age of seventy-eight in New York City from peritoneal mesothelioma, a disease primarily associated with asbestos.[15] It is believed that during his work at the Brooklyn Navy Yard during WWII, he and many other workers were exposed to high levels of asbestos contamination.[1]
Paul Rudolph donated his personal archive,[16] spanning his entire career, to the Library of Congress, as well as donating all intellectual property rights to the American people. His bequest also helped to establish the Center for Architecture, Design, and Engineering[17] at the Library of Congress.
The Paul Rudolph Penthouse & Apartments (1977–82), at
The John and Alice Fullam House is an obscure commission designed in 1957, and built in 1959. It was never published in the Rudolph portfolio at the request of the owners, John and Alice Fullam. In 2004, when they were contemplating moving, the owners became concerned over preservation of the house, reading that many Rudolph buildings were being destroyed. In 2007, the residence was sold to preservationist owners who did a major restoration addressing many of the modern code issues. In 2017 the third bay of the structure, part of the original 1957 design, was completed.[19]
Notable designs
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Paul_Rudolph_-_Boston_Government_Services_Center_%2814989170661%29.jpg/220px-Paul_Rudolph_-_Boston_Government_Services_Center_%2814989170661%29.jpg)
- Revere Quality House (1948)
- Healy Guest House (1950, as partner with Ralph Twitchell)
- Hiss Residence (1952)
- Sanderling Beach Club (1952)
- Walker Guest House (1953)
- Jewett Arts Center at Wellesley College (1955)
- Blue Cross-Blue Shield Headquarters in Boston (1956)
- John and Alice Fullam House (1957)
- Riverview High School (1957)
- Yale Art & Architecture Building(1958)
- Tuskegee Institutemaster plan (1958)
- Sarasota High School addition (1960)
- Lake Region Yacht & Country Club with Gene Leedy (1960)
- Milam Residence (1961)
- Boston Government Service Center (1962)
- Crawford Manor (1962)
- Endo Pharmaceuticals Building (1962)
- Orange County Government Center (1963)
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth campus (1963-1980s)
- J. W. Chorley Elementary School (1964)
- Bass Residence (1966)
- Tuskegee University Chapel (1969)
- Dana Arts Center at Colgate University (1969)
- First Church in Boston (1972)
- Claire T. Carney Library(1972)
- Burroughs Wellcome headquarters (1972)
- Louis Micheels House (1972)
- Tracey Towers (1972)
- Niagara Falls Public Library (1974)
- 23 Beekman Place renovations and penthouse (1977)
- City Center Towers Complex (1980s)
- The Concourse redesign (1987)
- Lippo Centre (1987)
- Modulightor Building (1989)
Gallery
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Riverview High School (1957–2009)
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Jewett Arts Center (1958), Wellesley College
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Milam Residence (1961)
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Tuskegee University Chapel (1969)
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First Church in Boston (1972)
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Claire T. Carney Library(1972)
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Burroughs Wellcome headquarters (1972–2021),Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Early design for The Concourse
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Lippo Centre (1987)
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Introduction". Paul Rudolph & His Architecture. University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Library. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
- ^ ISBN 9781568982663.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ ISBN 9781468302769.
- ^ David Colman (October 2011). "Master Builder: Architect Paul Rudolph's career was as dramatic as his buildings". Elle Decor. "Other issues contributed to Rudolph's loss of status: the rise of postmodernism, which he hated; the end of enthusiasm for the ambitious government buildings he loved; the fact that he was gay in a predominantly straight industry."
- ISBN 978-0262082402.
- ^ "Time Is Running Out for a Celebrated Building" by David Hay, page A19, June 21, 2008 The New York Times.
- ^ "Rudolph's Riverview High School Demolished," [1] DoCoMoMo (International working party for documentation and conservation of building sites and neighborhoods of the modern movement), July 11, 2009.
- ^ Rehab would alter Sarasota High's open-air interior by Harold Bubil February 8, 2013 Herald-Tribune
- ^ New Haven Preservation Trust. "Temple Street Garage, 21 Temple Street". New Haven Modern Architecture.
- ^ Behar, Rena (October 4, 2017). "'Mind-Blowing' Milam House Is a Modernist Marvel on the Beach". Realtor.com. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
- ^ Cummings, Alex Sayf (June 13, 2016). "Into the Spaceship: A Visit to the Old Burroughs Wellcome Building". Tropics of Meta historiography for the masses. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
- ^ "Introduction of Paul Rudolph Projects at SMTI/UMD". Paul Rudolph & His Architecture. University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Library. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
- ^ Miller, Nick (November 5, 2013). "Five Paul Rudolph Buildings Under Threat in Buffalo". Architects Newspaper.
- ^ "Architects: Brutalism". Circa Design.
- ^ Muschamp, Herbert (August 9, 1997). "Paul Rudolph Is Dead at 78; Modernist Architect of the 60's". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
- ^ Paul Rudolph Archive. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
- ^ Center for Architecture, Design, and Engineering. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
- ^ "2390.pdf" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 9, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
- ^ Squier, Anna (May 11, 2018). "A Paul Rudolph-Designed Midcentury Is Rescued From Obscurity and Finally Completed". Dwell. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
Bibliography
- Bell, Eugenia (2019). Paul Rudolph: Inspiration and Process in Architecture. ISBN 9781616898656.
- Rohan, Timothy M. (2014). The Architecture of Paul Rudolph. ISBN 978-0300149395.
- De Alba, Roberto (2003). Paul Rudolph: The Late Work. ISBN 1-56898-401-4.
- Domin, Christopher; King, Joseph (2005). Paul Rudolph: The Florida Houses. ISBN 1-56898-551-7.
- Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl (1970). The Architecture of Paul Rudolph. ISBN 0-500-09057-2.
- Monk, Tony (1999). The Art and Architecture of Paul Rudolph. ISBN 0-471-99778-1.
- Mottalini, Chris (2013). After You Left They Took It Apart: Demolished Paul Rudolph Homes (1st ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Columbia College Chicago Press. ISBN 978-1-935195-45-0.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)
- The Paul Rudolph Institute for Modern Architecture
- Paul Marvin Rudolph Papers, Yale University Library