Penrose graphical notation
In
A diagram in the notation consists of several shapes linked together by lines.
The notation widely appears in modern quantum theory, particularly in matrix product states and quantum circuits. In particular, Categorical quantum mechanics which includes ZX-calculus is a fully comprehensive reformulation of quantum theory in terms of Penrose diagrams, and is now widely used in quantum industry.
The notation has been studied extensively by
Interpretations
Multilinear algebra
In the language of
Tensors
In the language of tensor algebra, a particular tensor is associated with a particular shape with many lines projecting upwards and downwards, corresponding to abstract upper and lower indices of tensors respectively. Connecting lines between two shapes corresponds to contraction of indices. One advantage of this notation is that one does not have to invent new letters for new indices. This notation is also explicitly basis-independent.[3]
Matrices
Each shape represents a matrix, and tensor multiplication is done horizontally, and matrix multiplication is done vertically.
Representation of special tensors
Metric tensor
The metric tensor is represented by a U-shaped loop or an upside-down U-shaped loop, depending on the type of tensor that is used.
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Levi-Civita tensor
The
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Structure constant
The structure constants () of a Lie algebra are represented by a small triangle with one line pointing upwards and two lines pointing downwards.
Tensor operations
Contraction of indices
Contraction of indices is represented by joining the index lines together.
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Symmetrization
Symmetrization of indices is represented by a thick zig-zag or wavy bar crossing the index lines horizontally.
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![{\displaystyle {}_{Q^{ab}=Q^{[ab]}+Q^{(ab)}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dfe6141e87f3bb6bf46b13e6f0df759f36dcf68c)
Antisymmetrization
Antisymmetrization of indices is represented by a thick straight line crossing the index lines horizontally.
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![{\displaystyle E_{[ab\ldots n]}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/58adc5ba5ef08561356cd95bb5819fe124ee5f66)
![{\displaystyle {}_{E_{ab}=E_{[ab]}+E_{(ab)}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c80d0cf553b08549782f76dccacdb1d217343cb7)
Determinant
The determinant is formed by applying antisymmetrization to the indices.
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Covariant derivative
The covariant derivative () is represented by a circle around the tensor(s) to be differentiated and a line joined from the circle pointing downwards to represent the lower index of the derivative.
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![{\displaystyle 12\nabla _{a}\left(\xi ^{f}\,\lambda _{fb[c}^{(d}\,D_{gh]}^{e)b}\right)}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/19303966fb76867c7c27fdfa2e39de87ca0b4a48)
![{\displaystyle =12\left(\xi ^{f}(\nabla _{a}\lambda _{fb[c}^{(d})\,D_{gh]}^{e)b}+(\nabla _{a}\xi ^{f})\lambda _{fb[c}^{(d}\,D_{gh]}^{e)b}+\xi ^{f}\lambda _{fb[c}^{(d}\,(\nabla _{a}D_{gh]}^{e)b})\right)}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a82bab6d232355cfdc3add53ebabeb01ccd571e6)
Tensor manipulation
The diagrammatic notation is useful in manipulating tensor algebra. It usually involves a few simple "identities" of tensor manipulations.
For example, , where n is the number of dimensions, is a common "identity".
Riemann curvature tensor
The Ricci and Bianchi identities given in terms of the Riemann curvature tensor illustrate the power of the notation
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Ricci tensor |
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Bianchi identity |
![{\displaystyle \nabla _{[a}R_{bc]d}^{\ \ \ e}=0}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3896d2dbc992145ed836177f508a50380f70d023)
Extensions
The notation has been extended with support for spinors and twistors.[4][5]
See also
- Abstract index notation
- Angular momentum diagrams (quantum mechanics)
- Braided monoidal category
- Categorical quantum mechanics uses tensor diagram notation
- Matrix product state uses Penrose graphical notation
- Ricci calculus
- Spin networks
- Trace diagram
Notes
- ^ Roger Penrose, "Applications of negative dimensional tensors," in Combinatorial Mathematics and its Applications, Academic Press (1971). See Vladimir Turaev, Quantum invariants of knots and 3-manifolds (1994), De Gruyter, p. 71 for a brief commentary.
- ^ Predrag Cvitanović (2008). Group Theory: Birdtracks, Lie's, and Exceptional Groups. Princeton University Press.
- ISBN 0-09-944068-7, Chapter Manifolds of n dimensions.
- ISBN 0-521-24527-3.
- ISBN 0-521-25267-9.