Persona

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the concept. For the video game series, see Persona (series). For other uses, see Persona (disambiguation).

A persona (plural personae or personas) is a strategic mask of identity in public,[1] the public image of one's personality, the social role that one adopts, or simply a fictional character.[2] It is also considered "an intermediary between the individual and the institution."[3]

Persona studies is an academic field developed by communication and media scholars.[4] The term “persona” has been discussed by sociologists Robert Park[5] and Erving Goffman[6] in the 1950s. It is a tool to become persons by constructing the conception of our role and connecting the inner conception to the outer world as individuals.[7] Yet, the terminology of identity and personae has been applied loosely and both imply the impressions of self and social performances in their works.

The word derives from Latin, where it originally referred to a theatrical mask.[8] The usage of the word dates back to the beginnings of Latin civilization.[9] The Latin word derived from the Etruscan word "phersu," with the same meaning, and that from the Greek πρόσωπον (prosōpon).[10] It is the etymology of the word "person," or "parson" in French.[11] Latin etymologists explain that persona comes from "per/sonare" as "the mask through which (per) resounds the voice (of the actor)."[12]

Its meaning in the latter Roman period changed to indicate a "character" of a

court of law,[13]
when it became apparent that different individuals could assume the same role and that legal attributes such as rights, powers, and duties followed the role. The same individuals as actors could play different roles, each with its own legal attributes, sometimes even in the same court appearance.

In psychology

Main article: Persona (psychology)

According to

Jungian psychology, the persona is also the mask or appearance one presents to the world.[14] It may appear in dreams under various guises. People may choose to wear a social mask or use a persona to make themselves appear more socially desirable. This is used to impress potential partners or to make new friends.[15] People can have multiple personas that they use in various situations; this can include work, being with friends, at home, etc. Depending on the individual's circumstance, a persona which they consider stronger within their specific social situation can be created because they put a higher emphasis on social interactions. Jung warned about using personas too much, fearing that one might lose their own individuality to their persona. A study has shown that this can be true to an extent; when taking a private self-rating test, there is a high correlation between how a person rates themselves and how they present themselves in public. It is difficult to tell if people are accurately filling out the test or answering what they find desirable.[15]

In a study written by

archetypal figure. By losing their "ego", their persona becomes their personality in an archetypal form. However, when this occurs, the person becomes unstable and they are unable to act outside their formed persona.[16]

In literature

In

alter egos
. For Pound, the personae were a way of working through a specific poetic problem. In this sense, the persona is a transparent mask, wearing the traits of two poets and responding to two situations, old and new, which are similar and overlapping.

In

literary analysis, any narrative voice that speaks in the first person and appears to define a particular character is often referred to as a persona. It is contrasted with a third-person narrative voice, generally taken to be more objective and impersonal. There are borderline cases, such as the “we” that occurs late in Edwin Arlington Robinson
's poem and functions something like a chorus in a Greek tragedy, but in general any identifiable narrator whose point of view or manner of speaking clearly distinguishes them from the author is considered a literary persona.

In fan fiction and in online stories, the personas may especially reflect the authors' self-insertion.

In music

David Bowie as The Thin White Duke at Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto 1976

The Concept of Musical Persona

The concept of persona in music was introduced by Edward T. Cone in his The Composer's Voice (1974), that dealt with the relation between the lyrical self of a song's lyrics and its composer.[17] Performance studies scholar Philip Auslander includes further contextual frames, in which musical persona is the primary product of musical performances apart from the original text.[18] Auslander argues that music is a primary social frame as a "principle of organization which govern events."[19] In addition, he categorizes three types of personae transformation: lateral moves within the same frame at a given moment; movements from one frame to another; and within a single frame that changes over time and hypothesizes that personae transformation could only happen when the genre framing changes. As a strategic formation of public identity in communities, musical personae describe how music moves through cultures.[20] Persona maintains stability of performance with the expectation from the audience matching in musical presentation.[21]

The concept of persona can also be used to refer to an

instrumentalist, like a pianist and their playing style,[22] although the term is more commonly used to refer to the voice and performance nuances of a vocalist in a studio album or in a live concert. In online spaces where personae are more visible, musical personae can be created through the flexible and fluid virtual bodies of avatars.[23]

Usually, the performers assume a role that matches the music they sing on

morbidity, and Madonna and her interest in sexuality.[26]

Examples

American Artists

British Artists

In marketing and user experience design

Main article:
Persona (marketing)

Personas are used in marketing and advertising by creating a

marketing persona that represents a group or segment of customers[36] so that the company can focus its efforts. For example, online advertising agencies can monitor pictures, browsing history and the ads people surfing the internet generally select or choose to click, and based on that data they tailor their merchandise to a targeted audience or better describe a customer segments using a data driven approach.[37]

Personas are also used in user experience design, known as user personas. Alan Cooper introduced personas in his book, The Inmates Are Running the Asylum (1998). Cooper play-acted fictitious characters in order to help solve design questions.[38] These personas need to be based on user research and can also be described in narrative form.[39] Creating personas has become synonymous with creating a document, known as persona profile, instead of an "activity of empathetic role-play".[40]

See also

Citations

  1. ISSN 2205-5258
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  2. Merriam-Webster.com
    , Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2020.
  3. S2CID 148183584
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  4. ^ "Persona Studies". ojs.deakin.edu.au. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
  5. ^ Park, Robert (1950). Race and Culture. Free Press.
  6. ^ Goffman, Erving (1956). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. University of Edinburgh.
  7. ^ Goffman, Erving (1956). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. University of Edinburgh. pp. 152, 160.
  8. ISBN 978-0-203-96088-2
    . Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  9. OCLC 11523564.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
  10. ^ "The Etruscan Phersu - phersuminiatures". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  11. ^ "Person, n." Oxford English Dictionary. 2023.
  12. ^ Mouss, Marcel (1985). Category of the Person. Cambridge University Press. p. 14.
  13. ISSN 1535-685X
    .
  14. ISBN 978-0-691-09776-3
    .
  15. ^
    PMID 21204836
    .
  16. ^
    ProQuest 1964903170
    .
  17. ISBN 0-19-975430-6
  18. S2CID 57563345
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  19. OCLC 1175799.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  20. S2CID 199177465
    .
  21. S2CID 199177465
    .
  22. ^ Deborah Stein and Robert Spillman, p.106.
  23. ISBN 9780199321285
    .
  24. ISBN 0-275-99245-4
  25. ISBN 1-84449-281-8
  26. ISBN 0-7618-3466-4
  27. ^ Chace, Zoe (12 Aug 2010). "Pop Personae: Why Do Some Women Perform In Character?". NPR.com. NPR. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  28. ^ Jonathan, Cohen (November 26, 2008). "Beyoncé Starts 'Fierce' Atop Album Chart". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on January 26, 2010.
  29. ^ Dinh, James (2011-09-28). "Lady Gaga Bends Gender, Minds With VMA Monologue". MTV. Archived from the original on 18 Oct 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
  30. ^ Lizzy Goodman (June 20, 2010). "Nicki Minaj, the Rapper With a Crush on Meryl Streep". New York magazine. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
  31. ^ Dawson, Imani A. "Nicki Minaj Gets 'Revenge' With Eminem". Rap-Up.com. Vibe Media Group. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
  32. ISSN 0265-1548. Retrieved February 23, 2021 – via ProQuest
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  33. ^ White, Amelia (April 2, 2020). "Melanie C Imagines How The Spice Girls Would Fare In 2020". Love. Archived from the original on March 14, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  34. ISBN 0-7914-6715-5
  35. ISBN 0-521-57484-6
  36. ^ Rind, Bonnie. "The Power of the Persona". Archived from the original on 15 Aug 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2009. The identification and application of personas improved Development's efficiency and quality during the first development cycle in which they were used. In addition, the use of personas significantly improved corporate cohesiveness, focus and decision making at every level.
  37. ^ Jansen, Bernard; An, Jisun; Kwak, Haewoon; Salminen, Joni; Jung, Soon-gyo (2017). "Viewed by Too Many or Viewed Too Little: Using Information Dissemination for Audience Segmentation" (PDF). Association for Information Science and Technology Annual Meeting 2017 (ASIST2017): 189–196.
  38. ^ Alan Cooper: "The origin of personas". Cooper Journal, May 15, 2008.
  39. ^ Kim Goodwin: "Getting from research to personas: harnessing the power of data". Cooper Journal, May 15, 2008.
  40. ^ Andrew Hinton: "Personas and the Role of Design Documentation." Boxes and Arrow, February 27th, 2008.
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