Fan fiction
Fan fiction or fanfiction (also abbreviated to fan fic, fanfic, fic or FF) is
.Fan fiction is rarely commissioned or authorized by the original work's creator or publisher and is rarely professionally published. It may
The term came into use in the 20th century as copyright laws began to delineate between stories using established characters that were authorized by the copyright holder and those that were not.[1]
Fan fiction is defined by being related to its subject's canonical fictional universe, either staying within those boundaries but not being of the canon itself, or else branching outside of it into an alternative universe.[2] Thus, what is "fanon" is separate from what is canon. Fan fiction is often written and published within circles of fans, and therefore would usually not cater to readers who have no knowledge of the original fiction.
Definition
The term fan fiction has been used in print as early as 1938; in the earliest known citations, it is used to refer to amateur-written science fiction (as opposed to "pro fiction").[3][4] The term also appears in the 1944 Fancyclopedia, an encyclopedia of fandom jargon. It is defined there as "fiction about fans, or sometimes about pros, and occasionally bringing in some famous characters from [science fiction] stories". The book also mentions that the term is "sometimes improperly used to mean fan science fiction; that is, ordinary fantasy published in a fan magazine".[4][5]
History
Before copyright
Before the adoption of copyright in the modern sense, it was not unusual for authors to copy characters, if not entire plots. For example, Shakespeare's plays Romeo and Juliet, Much Ado About Nothing, Othello, As You Like It and The Winter's Tale were all based on relatively recent fiction by other authors.[6]
In 1614 Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda wrote a sequel to Cervantes' Don Quixote, before Cervantes finished and published his own second volume.
19th century
Among 19th-century literature subject to notable depictions not initially authorized by the original author, is included
Star Trek fandom
The modern phenomenon of fan fiction as an expression of
World Wide Web
Fan fiction has become more popular and widespread since the advent of the World Wide Web. According to one estimate, fan fiction comprises one-third of all content about books on the web.
On May 22, 2013, the online retailer
Japanese dōjinshi
A similar trend in
Demographics
In a study done in 2010, it was found that 75.2% of account holders on FanFiction.Net allowed for the website to disclose their location. It was found that 57% of accounts originated from the United States, followed by 9.2% created in the United Kingdom, 5.6% in Canada and 4% in Australia.[23]
More recently, a 2020 study of
Sex and gender
A 2020 study looking at Harry Potter fan fiction writers on Archive of Our Own found that of users who disclose their gender in their profiles, 50.4% are female or
Age
Overwhelmingly, the study also showed that fan fiction writers appear to be in their early- to mid-20s. Demographics have been assessed as being 56.7% university students and other young adults, while 21.3% register as being 30 years and older. 0.2% specify that they are of retirement age; teenagers make up the remaining 19.8%.[24]
Categories and terms
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2020) |
Genres
In addition to the "regular" list of genres, there are a few genres which are particularly associated with fan fiction. These genres can overlap and include:
Angst
A story with an angst-ridden mood centered on a character or characters who are brooding, sorrowful, or in anguish.
Alternative universe (AU)
"What if" fan fiction featuring characters set in a universe other than their canonical one.[25] There are multiple types of alternative universe settings: an alternative universe may make dramatic alterations to the setting (for instance, a "fantasy AU" that places characters from a non-fantasy canon into a world of magic); it may alter characterization (often referred to simply as someone being "out of character" (OOC) rather than an AU proper); or it may alter major plot events to suit the author's purposes (see, for example, "Fix-it fic").[26]
Soulmate AU
The soulmate AU is a popular genre that envisions characters in a world, often very similar to canon, where soulmates are demonstrably real. Common mechanics for soulmates include each person having the name of their soulmate written on their skin at birth, or a specific change that occurs when two soulmates see or touch each other for the first time. The most common trope in this genre is one character being convinced they do not have, want, or deserve a soulmate, only to be proven wrong as they fall in love over the course of the fiction.
Time travel AU
A story in which one of the characters is sent back in time to get a second chance with knowledge of the original plot. This is also called the "Peggy Sue", after the movie Peggy Sue Got Married, in which this happens to the titular character. This term may have fallen into disuse due to its similarity to "Mary Sue".
"Groundhog Day", named after the film, is a variation of this trope in which time travel happens repeatedly; typically until the time-traveling character "gets it right".
Crossover
Crossovers are works featuring characters, items, or set pieces from multiple fandoms. This is also called "fusion fic" if the two worlds are merged into one.
Darkfic
Stories that are considerably more grim or depressing than the original, often in deliberate contrast to the canonical work(s). Not all stories tagged as "dark" count as darkfic. This is sometimes done with fandoms that are meant to be light-hearted or for children.[27] Darkfic can also refer to content that is "intentionally disturbing" (that is, physical or emotional violence or abuse).
"Dead Dove Do Not Eat" (sometimes abbreviated DDDNE) has become a sub-category of darkfic.[28] "Dead Dove Do Not Eat" began as an AO3 tag in 2015, intended to warn people that the following work contained dark themes without explicitly condemning them; the dark themes were also tagged, and the DDDNE was meant to reinforce readers' attention to them. Since 2015, DDDNE has developed into its own tag, meaning that sometimes other dark themes aren't tagged and just assumed to be covered. DDDNE fanfiction is works that use dark and disturbing themes purposefully and without full advance notice of what those themes are.
Fix-it fic
Fix-it fic refers to stories which rewrite canonical events that the fan fiction author disliked or otherwise wished to "fix". This may refer to an authorial misstep; that is, "fixing" major plot holes – or to a tragic event or ending (for instance, "everyone lives" alternate universes). Fix-it fic that focuses on correcting flaws in the original work is also called "rebuild fic", named for the Rebuild of Evangelion series; if it focuses heavily on critical thinking skills and deductive reasoning, it can be considered a "rationalist rewrite", as popularized by Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality.
Fluff
"Feel good" fan fiction designed to be light-hearted and romantic.[29] Another term for this genre is WAFF, short for "warm and fuzzy feelings."
Hurt/comfort
A story in which a character is put through a traumatizing experience in order to be comforted.[30] The climax of these stories is typically when one character witnesses another character's suffering and alleviates it; however, a variation that prioritizes focus on the character's suffering (their "hurt"), sometimes to the exclusion of "comfort", is referred to as "whump".[31] Excessive whump may also be considered darkfic.
Self-insert
This is a genre of fan fiction in which a version of the author is transported to, or discovers they are inside, the fictional world that the fan fiction is based on. it is often
Self-insert fanfiction is often compared to Mary Sue characters. Some researchers argue that self-insert characters can be found in literature from the 19th century and even earlier.[32] Today, there many distinct sub-genres of self-insert fan fiction, including: "y/n" (short for [insert] your name"), "xReader," and "imagines."[33][34]
Many of these subgenres are unique to specific platforms.[35]
Recursive | meta | fan-verse
Occasionally, a fan fiction will obtain enough popularity to inspire readers to write fan fiction based on that fic. On Archive of Our Own, this kind of recursive fan fiction is called a "remix".[36]
Songfic
Songfic, also known as song fic or song-fic, is a genre of fan fiction that features a fictional work interspersed with the lyrics of a relevant song.[37][38] The term is a combination of "song" and "fiction"; as such, one might also see the genre referred to as "songfiction". As many lyrics are under copyright, whether songfics are a violation of that copyright law is a subject of debate. Some fan fiction websites, such as FanFiction.Net, have barred authors from posting songfics with lyrics outside the public domain.[39]
In an essay in Music, Sound, and Silence in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, University of Sydney professor Catherine Driscoll commented that the genre was "one of the least distinguished modes of fan production" and that "within fan fiction excessive attachment to or foregrounding of popular music is itself dismissed as immature and derivative".[40]
Uberfic
Uberfic is a form of AU fan fiction with characters who physically resemble and share personality traits with their canon counterparts, but have new names and backgrounds in a different setting. The term originated in Xena: Warrior Princess fandom[41] and was inspired by the series episode "The Xena Scrolls", which featured 1940s-era descendents of the characters Xena, Gabrielle, and Joxer, all played by their respective actors, on an archaeological dig in an Indiana Jones pastiche. The uberfic style lends itself well to original fiction, and many uberfic authors such as Melissa Good, Radclyffe, and Lori L. Lake have legally published their Xena uberfic as original lesbian literature.
Terminology
Author's note (A/N)
A/N is an abbreviation of "author's note". Author's notes are typically found directly before the beginning or after the end of a fan fiction or its chapters, but can be written at any point during a fan fiction (in some cases interrupting the flow of the piece by appearing within the body of a fan fiction). A/Ns are used to convey direct messages from the author to the reader regarding the piece.[42]
Beta reader
A beta reader, or beta, is someone who edits or proofreads someone else's fan fiction.[43]
Canon
Canon is the original story. This means anything related to the original source including the plot, settings, and character developments.[44]
Disclaimer
Drabble
A drabble is a piece of writing that is exactly 100 words long,[29] although it is now commonly used as slang for any short fanfiction.
Fandom
A fandom is a group of fans of a particular work of fiction (for example, novel, film, television show or video game). Members of a fandom are typically interested in even minor details of the plot or characters of their fandom and often spend a significant portion of their time and energy involved with their interest, which is why most fan fictions are written by members of a particular fandom(s).
Fangirl/fanboy
A fangirl or fanboy is an individual who is an extremely enthusiastic member of one or more fandoms. Furthermore, the term fangirling/fanboying refers to a moment where a person gets excited about a fandom.
Fanon
Fanon (portmanteau of fan and canon) is an "unofficial canon" idea widely accepted to be true among fans,[47] but is neither confirmed nor officially endorsed by the original author or source creator, preventing it from being labeled as canon. Fanon may refer to a whole interpretation of the original work or particular details within it.
Headcanon (HC)
Headcanon is a fan's personal interpretation of canon, such as the backstory of a character or the nature of relationships between characters.[47] It may represent a teasing out of subtext present in the canon, but it cannot directly contradict canon. If many other fans share this interpretation, it may become fanon.
Mary Sue
Also of note is the concept of the "Mary Sue" (occasionally "MS"), a term credited as originating in Star Trek fan fiction that has crossed over to the mainstream, at least among editors and writers. In early Trek fan fiction, a common plot was that of a minor member of the USS Enterprise's crew saving the life of Captain Kirk or Mister Spock, often being rewarded with a sexual relationship as a result. The term "Mary Sue", originating in a parody of stories in this wish fulfillment genre, thus tends to refer to an idealized or overpowered character lacking flaws, often taken to represent the author.[48]
One true pairing (OTP)
An abbreviation of the term "one true pairing", meaning a person's favorite ship.[47] OT3, OT4, and so on is the term used for a polyamorous OTP.[47]
One shot
A one shot is a single piece of writing, as opposed to a multichapter work.[49]
Real person fiction (RPF)
Fan fiction works that tell stories about real people, usually celebrities, instead of fictional characters. The book After by Anna Todd, later adapted into a film of the same name, was originally a real person fan fiction about One Direction member Harry Styles.
Shipping
Shipping is a variant of romance focused on exploring a relationship between two or more characters from the original fandom(s). It has several fandom-specific subgenres, chief among which are slash (which focuses on homosexual pairings, usually of the male variety) and femslash (same as slash, but exclusively female/female). In another context, the term "shipping" within the community may mean that a fan is heavily invested in a relationship between two characters. Writers of fan fiction often use the genre to explore homosexual pairings for popular characters who are not in (or not specified as being in; see queerbaiting) homosexual relationships in the canon work.[50] A subcategory of this, depicting romantic couples in mundane domestic situations (such as picking out curtains), was previously called "curtainfic", though the term has fallen somewhat out of use.
Smut
Smut, also called porn and (rarely) erotica, is sexually explicit or pornographic fan fiction. This could refer to either a small portion of a story or the story in its entirety. Historically, the terms "lemon" (that is, explicit pornography) and "lime" (that is, sexually suggestive works) were euphemisms used to allude to explicit material.[49] These terms were in common use in the 2000s, and fell into disuse before resurging in December 2018 due to the censorship of adult content on Tumblr. The use of the terms lemon and lime allow writers to circumnavigate the "explicit terminologies" that may get work flagged by platforms like Tumblr, while still tagging their work as explicit for their readers.
Trigger warning (TW)
Trigger warnings are usually inserted when the subject matter of a piece of work deals with issues like drug abuse, mental illness, abuse, or extreme violence. Archive of Our Own has codified a system of common warnings into its core tags,[51] requiring authors to either disclose or explicitly choose not to disclose if their work contains graphic violence, major character death, rape, or underage sex.
Interactivity in the online era
Reviews can be given by both anonymous and registered users of most sites, and sites are often programmed to notify the author of new feedback, making them a common way for readers and authors online to communicate directly. This system is intended for a type of bond between the reader and the writer, as well as helping the author improve their writing skills through
There are other ways that fandom members may participate in their fandom community such as gift exchanges or fic exchanges. A gift exchange is an organized challenge in which participants create fan fiction specifically for other participants. They may research what the user receiving their gift enjoys or submissions may include a "letter" explaining what the receiver wants or does not want.[54]
Legality
There is ongoing debate about to what extent fan fiction is permitted under contemporary
Some argue that fan fiction does not fall under
Others such as the
In 1981, Lucasfilm Ltd. sent out a letter to several fanzine publishers, asserting Lucasfilm's copyright to all Star Wars characters and insisting that no fanzine publish pornography. The letter also alluded to possible legal action that could be taken against fanzines that did not comply.[59]
The Harry Potter Lexicon is one case where the encyclopedia-like website about everything in the Harry Potter series moved towards publishing and commercializing the Lexicon as a supplementary and complementary source of information to the series. Rowling and her publishers levied a lawsuit against the website creator, Steven Vander Ark, and the publishing company, RDR Books, for a breach of copyright. While the lawsuit did conclude in Vander Ark's favor, the main issue in contention was the majority of the Lexicon copied a majority of the Series' material and does not transform enough of the material to be held separately from the series itself.[60]
While the HP Lexicon case is an example of Western culture treatment of fan fiction and copyright law, in China, Harry Potter fan fiction is less addressed in legal conflicts but is used as a cultural and educational tool between Western and Chinese cultures. More specifically, while there are a number of "fake" Harry Potter books in China, most of these books are said to be addressing concepts and issues found in Chinese culture. This transformative usage of Harry Potter in fan fiction is allegedly from the desire to enhance and express value to Chinese tradition and culture.[61]
Some prominent authors have given their blessings to fan fiction, notably
However, in 2003, a British law firm representing J.K. Rowling and Warner Bros. sent a letter to webmasters requesting that adult Harry Potter fan fiction ("stories containing graphically violent and sexual content") be removed from a prominent fan fiction website, citing concerns that children might stumble upon the illicit content. In response, the webmasters from several websites hosting adult Harry Potter fan fiction, among other types of fan fiction, "made claims of 'fair use' and nonprofessional status" to justify their right to continue hosting the adult content.[67]
As an example of changing views on the subject, author Orson Scott Card (best known for the Ender's Game series) once stated on his website, "to write fiction using my characters is morally identical to moving into my house without invitation and throwing out my family." He changed his mind completely and since has assisted fan fiction contests, arguing to the Wall Street Journal that "Every piece of fan fiction is an ad for my book. What kind of idiot would I be to want that to disappear?"[68]
However,
See also
- Canon (fiction)
- Collaborative fiction
- Database consumption
- Fandom
- Parallel novel
- Pastiche
- Revisionism (fictional)
References
- ^ "Fanfiction: A Legal Battle of Creativity". Reporter Magazine. February 5, 2016. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
- ^ Schulz, Nancy (December 31, 2001). "Fan Fiction—TV Viewers Have It Their Way". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
- ^ "fan fiction n." Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-530567-8. Archivedfrom the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
- ^ John Bristol (1944). Fancyclopedia. The Fantasy Foundation. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
- ^ "William Shakespeare – Shakespeare's sources". Encyclopædia Britannica. September 7, 2023. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
- ^ Fleming, Colin (April 19, 2017). "The Icelandic Dracula: Bram Stoker's vampire takes a second bite". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 6, 2019. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
- ^ "The early adventures of the apocryphal Sherlock Holmes". The Daily Dot. January 16, 2014. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
- ^ "In long-lost play, the author of 'Peter Pan' spoofs 'Sherlock Holmes' and the mystery genre". PBS NewsHour. August 10, 2017. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
- ^ Anderson, Hephzibah. "The book that changed Jane Eyre forever". BBC. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
- ISBN 0-9653575-4-6. Archived from the original(PDF) on September 10, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-2640-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8122-1530-4. Archivedfrom the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ^ Boog, Jason (September 18, 2008). "Brokeback 33 Percent". Mediabistro. Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
- ^ Buechner, Maryanne Murray (March 4, 2002). "Pop Fiction". Time. Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
- PMID 16570878.
- ^ Marah Eakin (February 12, 2015). "Holy crow! Fifty Shades Of Grey is crazy similar to its Twilight origin story". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- S2CID 140471681.
- ^ "'After' Movie: Paramount Acquires Rights To Wattpad Book By Anna Todd". Deadline Hollywood. October 16, 2014. Archived from the original on October 7, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
- ^ Ford, Rebecca (June 4, 2015). "'Mom' Writer Susan McMartin to Adapt One Direction-Inspired Fan-Fiction 'After' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 29, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
- ^ Pepitone, Julianne (May 3, 2013). "Amazon's "Kindle Worlds" lets fan fiction writers sell their stories". CNN Money. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
- ^ "Amazon to Shut Down Kindle Worlds – The Digital Reader". May 15, 2018. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
- ^ Kelvin, Lord (March 18, 2011). "Fan Fiction Demographics in 2010". FFN Research. Blogger. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
- ^ from the original on June 28, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
- ^ "FanWorks.org :: Fan Works Inc. – Help & Tools Index". www.fanworks.org. Archived from the original on January 30, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- from the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
- ^ "Darkfic – Fanlore". fanlore.org. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
- ^ Fanlore. (n.d.) "Dead Dove: Do Not Eat." https://fanlore.org/wiki/Dead_Dove:_Do_Not_Eat
- ^ ISBN 9781594747892.
- ^ "Fan Fiction Dictionary -- Your Guide To Fanspeak". expressions.populli.net. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
- from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
- ^ Pflieger, Pat. "'Too Good To Be True': 150 Years Of Mary Sue." Conference talk presented at the American Culture Association conference, March 31, 1999, San Diego, CA. Available in full at https://www.merrycoz.org/papers/MARYSUE.xhtml
- ^ Minkel, Elizabeth. 2017. Mary Sue: From self-inserts to imagines, how young women write themselves into the narrative. Fansplaining. March 23. Available online: https://www.fansplaining.com/articles/mary-sue (accessed on 18 March 2024).
- ^ Sapuridis, Effie, and Maria K. Alberto. 2022. "Self-Insert Fanfiction as Digital Technology of the Self" Humanities 11, no. 3: 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/h11030068
- ^ Sapuridis, Effie, and Maria K. Alberto. 2022. "Self-Insert Fanfiction as Digital Technology of the Self" Humanities 11, no. 3: 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/h11030068
- ^ "Posting and Editing FAQ | Archive of Our Own". archiveofourown.org. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
- ISBN 9781135891541. Archivedfrom the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ISBN 9783642544873. Archivedfrom the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ^ "Guidelines". FanFiction.net. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
- ISBN 9780754660415. Archivedfrom the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ^ "Whoosh!". www.whoosh.org. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
- from the original on October 8, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
- .
- ISBN 9781594747892.
- ^ Freeman, Morgan. "A Fanspeak Dictionary". Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
- ^ "Fan Fiction, Plagiarism, and Copyright". March 18, 2012. Archived from the original on November 18, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
- ^ a b c d Romano, Aja (June 7, 2016). "Canon, fanon, shipping and more: a glossary of the tricky terminology that makes up fandom". Vox. Archived from the original on March 20, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
- ISBN 978-1404213562.
- ^ ISBN 9781594747892.
- ISBN 978-3-03911-970-7, archivedfrom the original on August 31, 2022, retrieved October 21, 2020
- ^ "Tags FAQ | Archive of Our Own". archiveofourown.org. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
- ^ Merlin, Missy (September 13, 2007). "Dr. Merlin's Guide to Fanfiction". Firefox. Archived from the original on May 23, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
- ^ Romano, Aja (October 1, 2012). "Yuletide, the Internet's biggest "Secret Santa" fanfiction exchange, turns 10". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ Lee, A.T. (October 1998). "What's "Derivative Work?"". A Brief Introduction to Copyright for Fanfiction Authors. Woosh!. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "Library Journal". www.schoollibraryjournal.com. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009.
- ^ Chan, Sewell (July 1, 2009). "Ruling for Salinger, Judge Bans 'Rye' Sequel". Cityroom. The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions – Legal". Organization for Transformative Works. Archived from the original on October 1, 2009. Retrieved September 5, 2009.
- ^ Jenkins, Henry (2003). "Quentin Tarantino's Star Wars?: Digital Cinema, Media Convergence, and Participatory Culture". Archived from the original on March 9, 2009.
- ^ Schwabach, Aaron (2009). "The Harry Potter Lexicon and the World of Fandom: Fan Fiction, Outsider Works and, Copyright". University of Pittsburgh Law Review. 70 (3): 387–434.
- ^ Gupta, Suman (2009). Re-Reading Harry Potter 2nd Ed. Basingstoke (UK); New York (US): Palgrave Macmillan.
- ^ p.36 of Don Tresca. 2014. "Spellbound: An Analysis of Adult-Oriented Harry Potter Fanfiction", pp. 36-46 in Kristin M. Barton and Jonathan Malcolm Lampley (eds.). Fan CULTure: Essays on Participatory Fandom in the 21st Century. London: McFarland & Company.
- ^ a b Waters, Darren (May 27, 2004). "Rowling backs Potter fan fiction". BBC. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "Twilight Series Fansites". StephenieMeyer.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
- ^ GalleyCat. "The Lost History of Fifty Shades of Grey". mediabistro.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
- ^ "Fifty Shades of Grey: Stephenie Meyer Speaks Out". mtv.com. MTV. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
- ^ pp.36-37 of Tresca (2014)
- ^ Romano, Aja (May 7, 2013). "Orson Scott Card's long history of homophobia". Salon.com. Archived from the original on November 6, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions – George R. R. Martin's Official Website". Georgerrmartin.com. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
- ^ Martin, George R.R. (May 7, 2010). "Someone Is Angry On the Internet". Archived from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
- ^ Sharon Lee, Writer (October 26, 2013). "Lee, Sharon. "The second answer" Sharon Lee, Writer October 26, 2013". Sharonleewriter.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
Further reading
- Black, R. (2008). Adolescents and Online Fan Fiction. New York: Peter Lang.
- Coppa, Francesca (2017). The Fanfiction Reader: Folk Tales for the Digital Age. University of Michigan Press.
- ISBN 978-1-939529-19-0.
- ISBN 0-415-90571-0.
- Larsen, Katherine & Zubernis, Lynn eds. (2012). Fan Culture: Theory / Practice. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Lawrence, K. F. (2007). The Web of Community Trust - Amateur Fiction Online: A Case Study in Community-Focused Design for the Semantic Web. Ph.D. thesis, University of Southampton. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
- Orr, David (October 3, 2004). "Where to Find Digital Lit". The New York Times.
- ISBN 1-85411-399-2.
- Grossman, Lev (July 7, 2011). "The Boy Who Lived Forever". Time.
- Hellekson, Karen & Busse, Kristina, eds. (2014). The Fan Fiction Studies Reader. Iowa City: The University of Iowa Press.
- ————— ( 2006). Fan Fiction and Fan Communities in the Age of the Internet: New Essays. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., ISBN 0-7864-2640-3.
- Lipton, Shana Ting (February 13, 2015). "How Fifty Shades Is Dominating the Literary Scene". Vanity Fair.
External links
- Media related to Fan fiction at Wikimedia Commons
- "Quentin Tarantino's Star Wars?: Digital Cinema, Media Convergence, and Participatory Culture"—Henry Jenkins on fan fiction