Pharmacy Act 1868
Territorial extent | Did not extend to Ireland.[2] |
---|---|
Dates | |
Royal assent | 31 July 1868 |
Other legislation | |
Repealed by | The Pharmacy Act 1954, s 25(2) & Sch 4 |
Status: Repealed |
The Pharmacy Act 1868 (
Background
During the 1850s and 1860s there were moves to establish the medical and pharmaceutical professions as separate, self-regulating bodies. The
Eventually a compromise was reached between the two competing pharmaceutical societies, from which emerged the 1868 Act.
Scope
The Pharmacy Act 1868 established a system of registration involving major and minor examinations controlled by the Pharmaceutical Society. It also controlled the distribution of fifteen named poisons in a two-part schedule. All poisons had to be entered in a Poison Register. Those in the first part, which included strychnine, potassium cyanide and ergot, could only be sold if the purchaser was known to the seller or to an intermediary known to both. All drugs had to be sold in containers with the seller's name and address. Arsenic had already been controlled by the Arsenic Act 1851.
Drugs in the second schedule included opium and all preparations of opium or of poppies. There was opposition from many chemists, who claimed the various forms of opium such as laudanum constituted a major part of their trade, so that early drafts omitted it entirely; it was only reintroduced later in the parliamentary process.[4]
Effect
There was an immediate fall in the death rate caused by opium from 6.4 per million population in 1868 to 4.5 in 1869. After a decade it had risen to over 5 and by the end of the century it was back at the 1868 level. Deaths among children under five dropped from 20.5 per million population between 1863 and 1867, to 12.7 per million in 1871, and further declined to between 6 and 7 per million in the 1880s.[5]
Despite this, over the counter sales were still allowed. It was not until the Dangerous Drugs Act 1920, that opium and its derivatives were prohibited and therefore required a prescription. Drugs with a 2% or less of opium content (0.2 percent morphine or 0.1 percent heroin) were exempt from the 1920 Act.
In contrast with legislation regulating other industries at the time, the Pharmacy Act neglected to restrict the profession to men only. As a result, 223 women were listed on the first compulsory register of pharmacists in 1869. Most were the wives, widows or daughters of male pharmacists and were already practicing in 1868. Alice Vickery became the first woman to qualify as a pharmacist under the new Act in 1873.[6]
Notes
- short title was authorised by section 28of this Act.
- ^ The Pharmacy Act 1868, section 27
- ^ Berridge, Virginia; Edwards, Griffith (1981), Opium and the People, Opiate Use in Nineteenth-Century England, archived from the original on 25 December 2013
- ^ "Pharmacy Act 1868", Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), retrieved 18 June 2013
- ^ Berridge & Edwards 1981, Ch. 10
- ISBN 978-0124076907.
References
- Lely, John Mountenay. The Statutes of Practical Utility. (Chitty's Statutes). Fifth Edition. Sweet and Maxwell. Stevens and Sons. London. 1895. Volume 9. Title "Poison". Pages 4 to 8.