Pheidon
Pheidon | |
---|---|
King of Argos | |
Reign | circa. 710-670 BCE |
Predecessor | Unknown |
Successor | Lacidamos(Leokedes) |
Born | Sometime prior to 700 BCE Argos |
Died | After 660 BCE Corinth |
Consort | Unknown |
Issue |
|
Greek | Φείδων |
Greek polytheism |
Pheidon (
He was arguably Argos's most ambitious and successful ruler during the 7th century BCE. There is a possibility that there were in fact two different Pheidons who were both rulers of Argos.Life and reign
Pheidon seems to have been a descendant of
According to tradition, he flourished during the first half of the 7th century BCE.[2] During this, the Argive monarchy was nominal with almost no genuine power. Pheidon seized the throne from the reigning aristocracy with the support of the lower classes. He is considered in the tradition of other tyrants, like Gyges of Lydia, as an outsider to the ruling caste in some ways even though a fragment of the Parian Chronicle confirms him to have been a noble and places him as eleventh in line from Heracles. Scholarship has called Pheidon's 'reign' a tyranny based on Aristotle's definition in Politics.[citation needed] He was a vigorous and energetic ruler and greatly increased the power of Argos,.[2] he rounded up the broken parts of Temenus's entire inheritance,[3] and during his reign several other tyrants emerged through the city-states, such as Cypselus of Corinth and Theagenes of Megara, possibly inspired by him.
In an effort to debilitate Corinth, he asked the Corinthians to send him 1,000 of their picked youths under a leader called Dexander,[4] ostensibly to aid him in war, his real intention being to put them to death so that Argos may rise in power,.[2] but the plot was revealed by a Corinthian named Habron.[5] Pheidon attempted to search for the individual but he had fled to Corinth, settling in Melissus.[6]
During his probable reign, the
Aristotle, in "Politics", claims that he made changes to land reforms “family plots and the number of citizens should be kept equal, even if the citizens had all started with plots of unequal size.” He also claims that Pheidon started off as a king (basileus) and ended up a tyrant (tyrannos). The balance between these two types of ancient 'kingship' seem to have vague boundaries.
In the list of the suitors of Agariste, daughter of Cleisthenes of Sicyon, given by Herodotus, there occurs the name of Leokedes or Lakedas, son of Pheidon of Argos. According to this, Pheidon must have flourished during the early part of the 6th century BCE. It has therefore been assumed that Herodotus confused two Pheidons,[citation needed] both kings of Argos. The suggested substitution in the text of Pausanias of the 28th for the 8th Olympiad (i.e. 668 instead of 748) would not bring it into agreement with Herodotus, for even then, Pheidon's son could not have been a suitor in 570 for the hand of Agariste.[2]
But the story of Agariste's chronology is questionable. In this story, Herodotus tells about the marriage contest that took place, where the suitor
On the whole, modern authorities assign Pheidon to the first half of the 7th century. According to Konrad H. Kinzl, Pheidon can be dated in the middle of the sixth century BCE.[2][12] Pheidon is said to have died in a factional fight in Corinth.[2] which was under the rule of Cypselus, where the monarchy had recently been overthrown. It is unknown with which faction he had sided.
Weights and measures
Herodotus further states that Pheidon established a system of
A passage in the Aristotelian Constitution of Athens states that the measures used before the Solonian period of reform were called Pheidonian.[2][13] The historicity of Pheidon has been questioned based on the observation that the phrase “feidoneia metra” was a technical term that meant “short relation”. Originally this phrase referred to the value assigned to the newly introduced silver currency in terms of an older currency that used objects made of iron, but in later times it was misunderstood as referring to measures supposedly introduced by an otherwise unknown Argive ruler named Pheidon.[14]
Notes
- ^ Plutarch. Amatoriae narrationes.
but Pheidon the Argive, who was the tenth in descent from Temenus
- ^ a b c d e f g h Chisholm 1911, p. 362.
- ^ Strabo. Geography.
whereby he not only recovered the whole inheritance of Temenus, which had been broken up into several parts
- ^ Plutarch. Amatoriae narrationes.
and they sent the thousand, putting Dexander in command of them.
- ^ Plutarch. Amatoriae narrationes.
and he confided this matter to some of his friends, among whom was Habron. Now he was a friend of Dexander and told him of the plot, so before the onslaught was made the thousand young men escaped safely to Corinth
- ^ Plutarch. Amatoriae narrationes.
but Pheidon tried to discover the betrayer of his plot and searched for him with, great care. So Hatron was frightened and fled to Corinth with his wife and his servants, settling in Melissus, a village in Corinthian territory.
- ^ Battle of Hyisiai. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
- ^ Battle of Hyisiai. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
But at Argos they made the aspis larger and tougher
- ^ Scott, Lionel. History Commentary on The Histories Book 6.
Almost every reference to Pheidon speaks of him as a strong king with expansionist aims
- Reginald Macan.
- ISBN 1400836565p417
- ^ Konrad H. Kinzl, Archaic Greek Tyranny Reconsidered.
- ^ Aristotle. Athenian constitution.
For it was in his time that the measures were made larger than those of Pheidon, and that the mina, which previously had a weight of seventy drachmae, was increased to the full hundred.
- ^ Livio C. Stecchni, The Origin of Money in Greece Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1946, chapter 7.
References
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pheidon". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 362. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the