Phosphonium

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Phosphonium ion
Structure of PH+
4, the parent phosphonium cation.

In

aryl, or halide group). These cations have tetrahedral structures. The salts are generally colorless or take the color of the anions.[1]

Types of phosphonium cations

Protonated phosphines

The parent phosphonium is PH+
4 as found in the iodide salt, phosphonium iodide. Salts of the parent PH+
4 are rarely encountered, but this ion is an intermediate in the preparation of the industrially useful tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride:

PH3 + HCl + 4 CH2O → P(CH
2OH)+
4Cl−

Many organophosphonium salts are produced by protonation of primary, secondary, and tertiary phosphines:

PR3 + H+ → HPR+
3

The basicity of phosphines follows the usual trends, with R = alkyl being more basic than R = aryl.[2]

Tetraorganophosphonium cations

The most common phosphonium compounds have four organic substituents attached to phosphorus. The quaternary phosphonium cations include tetraphenylphosphonium, (C6H5)4P+ and tetramethylphosphonium P(CH
3)+
4.

Tetramethylphosphonium bromide[3]
Structure of solid "phosphorus pentachloride", illustrating its autoionization to tetrachlorophosphonium.[4]

Quaternary phosphonium cations (PR+
4) are produced by alkylation of organophosphines.

methyl bromide gives methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide
:

PPh3 + CH3Br → [CH3PPh3]+Br−

The methyl group in such phosphonium salts is mildly acidic, with a pKa estimated to be near 15:[5]

[CH3PPh3]+ + base → CH2=PPh3 + [Hbase]+

This deprotonation reaction gives Wittig reagents.[6]

Phosphorus pentachloride and related compounds

Solid

ionic compound, formulated PCl+
4PCl−
6, that is, a salt containing the tetrachlorophosphonium cation.[7][8]
Dilute solutions dissociate according to the following equilibrium:

PCl5 ⇌ PCl+
4 + Cl−

polar solutions and a molecular species with trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry in apolar solution.[10]

Alkoxyphosphonium salts: Arbuzov reaction

The

pentavalent phosphorus species and another alkyl halide. Commonly, the phosphorus substrate is a phosphite ester (P(OR)3) and the alkylating agent is an alkyl iodide.[11]

The mechanism of the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction
The mechanism of the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction

Uses

Textile finishes

Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride is used in production of textiles.

finishes on cotton textiles and other cellulosic fabrics.[12][13] A flame-retardant finish can be prepared from THPC by the Proban Process,[14] in which THPC is treated with urea. The urea condenses with the hydroxymethyl groups on THPC. The phosphonium structure is converted to phosphine oxide as the result of this reaction.[15]

Phase-transfer catalysts and precipitating agents

Organic phosphonium cations are lipophilic and can be useful in

tetraphenylphosphonium (PPh+
4) are soluble in polar organic solvents. One example is the perrhenate (PPh4[ReO4]).[16]

Reagents for organic synthesis

Wittig reagents are used in organic synthesis. They are derived from phosphonium salts. A strong base such as butyllithium or sodium amide is required for the deprotonation:

[Ph3P+CH2R]X− + C4H9Li → Ph3P=CHR + LiX + C4H10

One of the simplest ylides is methylenetriphenylphosphorane (Ph3P=CH2).[6]

The compounds Ph3PX2 (X = Cl, Br) are used in the Kirsanov reaction.[17] The Kinnear–Perren reaction is used to prepare alkylphosphonyl dichlorides (RP(O)Cl2) and esters (RP(O)(OR′)2). A key intermediate are alkyltrichlorophosphonium salts, obtained by the alkylation of phosphorus trichloride:[18]

RCl + PCl3 + AlCl3 → [RPCl3]+AlCl−
4

Ammonia production for "green hydrogen"

The main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today is the thermal Haber-Bosch process, which generally uses fossil gas as a source of hydrogen, which is then combined with nitrogen to produce ammonia. In 2021, Professor Doug MacFarlane and collaborators Alexandr Simonov and Bryan Suryanto of Monash University devised a method of producing green ammonia that has the potential to make Haber-Bosch plants obsolete.[19] Their process is similar to the electrolysis approach for producing hydrogen. While working with local company Verdant, which wanted to make bleach from saltwater by electrolysis, Suryanto discovered that a tetraalkyl phosphonium salt allowed the efficient production of ammonia at room temperature.[20]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-444-89307-9
    .
  2. PMID 17245785
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  3. ^
    ISBN 9780470132494
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  4. doi:10.1039/c39930000957
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  5. doi:10.1039/C39900000662
    .
  6. ^
    doi:10.15227/orgsyn.040.0066
    .. Describes Ph3P=CH2.
  7. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9
    .
  8. doi:10.1021/ja00786a021
    .
  9. doi:10.1039/CC9960002521
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  10. PMID 25384344
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  11. doi:10.1021/cr00044a004
    .
  12. S2CID 98355305
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  13. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_545.pub2
  14. ^ "Frequently asked questions: What is the PROBAN® process?". Rhodia Proban. Archived from the original on December 7, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  15. doi:10.1021/ie50553a021
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  16. ISBN 9780470132623
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  17. doi:10.1021/ja01059a073
  18. ISBN 978-3527306732
    .
  19. ^ Breakthrough brings green ammonia production closer to reality
  20. ^ Nitrogen reduction to ammonia at high efficiency and rates based on a phosphonium proton shuttle
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