Place Royale, Brussels
The Place Royale (French:
The Place Royale is one of oldest architecturally consistent and monumental public squares, as well as an excellent example of 18th-century urban architecture. Rectangular and symmetrical in shape, it measures 77 by 113 metres (253 by 371 ft),
The Rue de Namur/Naamsestraat enters the square from the south, the Rue de la Régence/Regentschapstraat from the south-west, and the Rue Montagne de la Cour/Hofbergstraat and the
).History
Early history
The Place Royale was built on the former site of the Place des Bailles/Baliënplein, the main market square adjacent to the former Castle and then Palace of Coudenberg,[3][5] which was the residence (and seat of power) of the counts, dukes, archdukes, kings, emperors or governors who, from the 12th century to the 18th century, exerted their sovereignty over the Duchy of Brabant and later over all or part of the Burgundian and then Spanish and Austrian Netherlands.[6] This first square, whose initial enclosure was made of wood (1434), was provided in 1509 with a new stone fence designed by the court architects Antoon I Keldermans and Antoon II Keldermans.[7]
The palace burned down on the night of 3 February 1731 in a fire that took much of the original royal complex.[3][8] Funds were not available for rebuilding, so for more than forty years, it remained in a state of ruins, known as the Cour brûlée ("Burnt Court").[9] Several projects for the redevelopment of this space were proposed, including the reconstruction of a palace, which did not go beyond the stage of sketches, for lack of money.[10] The construction of a new palace also seemed to be all the less necessary since, in the meantime, the court had moved to the Palace of Orange-Nassau, on the site of today's Palace of Charles of Lorraine.[11] In 1769, the idea germinated to clear and level the ruins of the Place des Bailles and to convert it into an esplanade intended for military parades.[10] The plan was on the verge of completion in 1772, when another project rendered it obsolete.[3]
Clearance and development
It was only in 1774 that Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, Governor-General of the Austrian Netherlands, proposed replacing the ruins with a monumental royal square inspired by French models such as the Place Stanislas in Nancy (1755) and the Place Royale in Reims (1759), of which it is almost an exact replica.[3][12][13] The project was approved that same year by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, who authorised the demolition.[14] If at the beginning, this space, intended to be decorated with a statue of the governor, was sometimes called the Place de Lorraine ("Lorraine Square") in his honour, it is finally the name Place Royale ("Royal Square") that was retained, according to the predominant model in France, which appeared more suitable to represent political power.[15]
Construction of the new buildings around the square took from 1775 to 1782, using the
The former statue of Charles Alexander of Lorraine, which stood at the centre of the square, was made by the
19th and 20th centuries
In the following centuries, official ceremonies and political demonstrations were occasionally held on the square.
, prince-regent between 1944 and 1950, also took place on the square.Remaining empty for several decades, from 1848, the centre of the square was once again occupied by a monument (still present today), an equestrian statue of Godfrey of Bouillon,[4] built at a time when the young Belgian State was in search of patriotic landmarks.[16] The blue stone posts connected by iron chains that originally lined the square disappeared in the middle of the 19th century and were replaced by sidewalks.[4] By the turn of the 20th century, the square increasingly became a hub of intense traffic, first with the addition of a horse-drawn tramway (later electrified), then through the rise of the automobile; the statue having roundabout function, from 1921, for north–south and east–west traffic.[20]
Present day and future
Nowadays, in the north-western corner of the Place Royale lies an archaeological area. Under the paving stones of the square, excavated between 1995 and 2000 and then covered by a concrete slab, are the remains levelled at the end of the 18th century during the development of the square, as well as of the Aula Magna, the great hall of the former
In 2014, the City of Brussels announced plans to restore the square's buildings and atmosphere, with wider sidewalks, new lighting and better enhancement of the facades.[23] The work was scheduled to start in 2019 and end in 2020. However, the project did not see the light of day. New plans were put forward in 2021 with the public inquiry led by the City, the heritage organisation Beliris, and the Brussels Secretary of State for Urbanism and Heritage, Pascal Smet (one.brussels). If currently, 20% of the Place Royale is devoted to pedestrians and 80% to motorised traffic, the objective of the redevelopment project is to reverse this trend. Most of the square will therefore be on one level and the traffic lanes will be modified. The natural stone sidewalks, dating from the 18th century, will be preserved, as will the lampposts and paving stones already installed. Final plans were put to public consultation in 2021,[24][25] and work began in 2023.[26]
Layout
Rectangular and symmetrical in shape (approximately 77 by 113 metres (253 by 371 ft)[1]), the Place Royale follows the neoclassical principles, and is modelled after the so-called French royal square, as developed at the end of the 17th century. Its buildings being burdened with an architectural servitude, it has undergone few changes since its creation in the 18th century: the statue of Godfrey of Bouillon has replaced that of Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine and the original colonnade that enclosed it to the south was destroyed during the opening of the Rue de la Régence/Regentschapstraat in 1827.[4]
Around the square, one can find many museums and cultural institutions:[18] the BELvue Museum, the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, the Musical Instruments Museum (MIM) (the entrance of which is through the Old England building), the remains of the former Coudenberg Palace (whose entrance is through the BELvue Museum), and the Magritte Museum. Other major tourist attractions are located within walking distance of the square: Brussels Park, the Royal Palace, and the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula.
Church of St. James on Coudenberg
The principal building on the square is the neoclassical
During the
The church's interior and facade have been
Statue of Godfrey of Bouillon
At the centre of the square is an equestrian statue of Godfrey of Bouillon, the leader of the first crusade in 1096. The first equestrian statue to adorn Brussels,[30] it was sculpted by Eugène Simonis and inaugurated on 15 August 1848 to replace the statue of Charles Alexander of Lorraine by Peter Anton von Verschaffelt,[17][20] which had been melted down for the value of the metal during the French rule over Brussels.[16] A new statue of Charles Alexander of Lorraine was eventually placed nearby on the current Place du Musée/Museumplein.
The statue represents Godfrey of Bouillon as he leaves for the First Crusade; the hero waves the standard and cries Dieu le veut ! ("God wills it!"). In 1897, two
Pavilions
The eight corner pavilions, built between 1776 and 1782, represent a remarkable Louis XVI style neoclassical ensemble. Bearing numbers from 1 to 14, they are arranged symmetrically around the square:[31]
- the former Hôtel du Lotto (no. 1–2) was built for the Imperial and Royal Lottery of the Netherlands. Also known as the Hôtel Altenloh after the jeweller's shop that occupied the building from 1920 to 1962, it is currently home to the Magritte Museum, part of the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium.[32]
- the former Hôtel des Brasseurs (no. 3) was built by the Corporation of Brewers. It is currently part of the Fin-de-Siècle Museum, another constituent of the Royal Museums. Also known as the Hôtel Gresham (for the wing facing the Place Royale), after the Gresham Life Assurance Society Limited that acquired it in 1900, or the Hôtel d'Argenteau (for the wing along the Rue de la Régence), it has an interesting Art Nouveau interior by the architect Léon Govaerts .
- the former Hôtel de Templeuve (no. 4), built for Countess Brigitte Scockaert de Tirimont, King Leopold II, had acquired it in 1866 and lived there for nearly forty years. This building has been occupied by the Court of Audit of Belgiumsince 1984.
- the two former Hôtels de Coudenberg (no. 5–6 and 7–8) were built by the Abbey of St. James on Coudenberg. The building to the right of St. James' Church is currently occupied by the ING Cultural Centre (formerly the BBL Cultural Centre). The building on the left is occupied by the Constitutional Court of Belgium.
- the former Hôtel Belle-Vue (no. 9) was built by Philippe de Proft to install a luxury hotel. It is currently occupied by the BELvue Museum.[22]
- the former Hôtel de Grimbergen (no. 10) owes its name to Brussels-Capital Region. Under the building are the remains of the chapel of the former Coudenberg Palace.
- the former Hôtel de Spangen (no. 11–14) owes its name to the Earl of Spangen for whom it was built. The building at the corner of the square and the Rue Montagne de la Cour/Hofbergstraat (no. 13–14) is now part of the Musical Instruments Museum (MIM).
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Hôtel du Lotto or Hôtel Altenloh (no. 1–2)
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Hôtel des Brasseurs or Hôtel Gresham (no. 3)
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Hôtel de Coudenberg (no. 7–8)
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Hôtel de Grimbergen (no. 10)
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Hôtel de Spangen (no. 11–14)
Porticoes
At the corners of the square, porticoes provide a link between the pavilions towards the Impasse du Borgendael/Borgendaalgang, the Rue de Namur/Naamsestraat and the Rue du Musée/Museumstraat, the height, arrangement and decoration of which are almost identical to those of the ground floor of the pavilions.[33][18]
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Portico of the Impasse du Borgendael/Borgendaalgang
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Portico of the Rue du Musée/Museumstraat
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Portico of the Rue de Namur/Naamsestraat
See also
- Place des Martyrs/Martelaarsplein
- Neoclassical architecture in Belgium
- History of Brussels
- Belgium in the long nineteenth century
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d Mardaga 1994, p. 223.
- ^ a b c d Wasseige 1995, p. 15.
- ^ a b c d e f Mardaga 1994, p. 222.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Mardaga 1994, p. 225.
- ^ Wasseige 1995, p. 4.
- ^ Anagnostopoulos & Houssiau 2006, p. 2–5.
- ^ a b "Place Royale – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural". monument.heritage.brussels (in French). Retrieved 25 November 2021.
- ^ a b Wasseige 1995, p. 6–7.
- ^ Wasseige 1995, p. 13.
- ^ a b Wasseige 1995, p. 8.
- ^ Wasseige 1995, p. 7.
- ^ Wasseige 1995, p. 10.
- ^ Fletcher 1996, p. 821.
- ^ Mardaga 1994, p. 222–223.
- ^ Loir 2009, p. 275.
- ^ a b c d e Wasseige 1995, p. 16–17.
- ^ a b Smolar-Meynart & Vanrie 1998, p. 184.
- ^ a b c d Gérard 2023, p. 37.
- ^ "L'attaque du Parc de Bruxelles par les Volontaires en 1830". B1830.be. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f Mardaga 1994, p. 226.
- ^ Anagnostopoulos & Houssiau 2006, p. 8–11.
- ^ a b "Museum about Belgium and its history and centre for democracy | BELvue". belvue.be. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
- ^ Laporte, Christian (23 November 2014). "Une place encore plus… royale". La Libre Belgique. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
- ^ "Bruxelles : une place Royale piétonne à 80% et qui n'est plus un rond-point". RTBF Info (in French). 11 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
- ^ "La place Royale tient son projet de rénovation : elle va devenir piétonne à 80%". BX1 (in French). 11 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
- ^ "Buxelles : les travaux de la Place Royale ont débuté, les lignes de tram impactées". Le Soir (in French). 11 October 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
- ^ a b Wasseige 1995, p. 19.
- ^ Wasseige 1995, p. 19–20.
- ^ "Bruxelles Pentagone – Eglise Saint-Jacques-sur-Coudenberg – Place Royale 6a – GUIMARD Barnabé". www.irismonument.be. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Ephrem, Bruxelles retrouvé 1, Bruxelles-Ville (in French), Alice éditions, 2005, p. 93
- ^ Mardaga 1994, p. 230.
- ^ "Home – Magritte Museum". www.musee-magritte-museum.be. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
- ^ Mardaga 1994, p. 230–231.
Bibliography
- Anagnostopoulos, Pierre; Houssiau, Jean (2006). The old palace of Coudenberg. Brussels, city of Art and History. Vol. 42. Brussels: Éditions de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. ISBN 978-2-93045-706-2.
- Demey, Thierry (2013). Bruxelles, des remparts aux boulevards (in French). Brussels: Badeaux. ISBN 978-2-930609-02-7.
- Fletcher, Banister (1996). Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture. Oxford: Architectural Press. ISBN 978-0-7506-2267-7.
- Gérard, Hervé (2023). Bruxelles et ses places (in French). Brussels: 180° éditions. ISBN 978-2-940721-32-0.
- Loir, Christophe (2009). Bruxelles néoclassique. Mutation d'un espace urbain. 1775-1840 (in French). Brussels: CFC Éditions. ISBN 978-2-930018-67-6.
- Smolar-Meynart, Arlette; Vanrie, André (1998). Le Quartier royal (in French). Brussels: CFC Éditions. ISBN 978-2-930018-17-1.
- Wasseige, Manoëlle (1995). Le Quartier Royal. Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire (in French). Vol. 15. Brussels: Éditions de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale.
- Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Bruxelles (PDF) (in French). Vol. 1C: Pentagone N-Z. Liège: Pierre Mardaga. 1994.
External links
- Media related to Place Royale/Koningsplein at Wikimedia Commons
- Eupedia Tourism Article
- Trabel Tourism Article