Potassium-40
General | |
---|---|
Decay mode | Decay energy (MeV) |
β− | 1.31109 |
EC, γ | 1.5049 |
Isotopes of potassium Complete table of nuclides |
Potassium-40 (40K) is a
Potassium-40 undergoes three types of
Potassium–argon dating
Potassium-40 is especially important in potassium–argon (K–Ar) dating. Argon is a gas that does not ordinarily combine with other elements. So, when a mineral forms – whether from molten rock, or from substances dissolved in water – it will be initially argon-free, even if there is some argon in the liquid. However, if the mineral contains any potassium, then decay of the 40K isotope present will create fresh argon-40 that will remain locked up in the mineral. Since the rate at which this conversion occurs is known, it is possible to determine the elapsed time since the mineral formed by measuring the ratio of 40K and 40Ar atoms contained in it.
The argon found in Earth's atmosphere is 99.6% 40Ar; whereas the argon in the Sun – and presumably in the primordial material that condensed into the planets – is mostly
Contribution to natural radioactivity
The radioactive decay of 40K in the Earth's mantle ranks third, after
Potassium-40 is the largest source of natural radioactivity in animals including humans. A 70 kg human body contains about 140 g of potassium, hence about 140g × 0.0117% ≈ 16.4 mg of 40K;[4] whose decay produces about 3850[5] to 4300 disintegrations per second (becquerel) continuously throughout the life of the person.[Note 2][6]
Banana equivalent dose
Potassium-40 is famous for its usage in the banana equivalent dose, an informal unit of measurement, primarily used in generalized educational settings, to compare radioactive dosages to the amount received by consuming one banana. The radioactive dosage from consuming one banana is generally agreed to be 10−7 sievert, or 0.1 microsievert, which is 1% of the average American's daily radioactive intake.[7]
See also
Notes
- gamma rays" irrespective of their energy.
- atomic weight of potassium-40 (39.96 g/mol), which is about 0.1507×1023 per gram. As in any exponential decay, the average lifetime is the half-life divided by the natural logarithmof 2, or about 56.82×1015 seconds.
References
- ^ Engelkemeir, D. W.; Flynn, K. F.; Glendenin, L. E. (1962). "Positron Emission in the Decay of K40". .
- ^
Wohlers, A.; Wood, B. J. (2015). "A Mercury-like component of early Earth yields uranium in the core and high mantle 142Nd". PMID 25877203.
- ^
Murthy, V. Rama; Van Westrenen, Wim; Fei, Yingwei (2003). "Experimental evidence that potassium is a substantial radioactive heat source in planetary cores". Nature. 423 (6936): 163–5. S2CID 4430068.
- ^ "Radioactive Human Body". Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations.
- ^ Connor, Nick. "What is Potassium-40 – Characteristics – Half-life – Definition". Radiation Dosimetry.
- ^
Bin Samat, S.; Green, S.; Beddoe, A. H. (1997). "The 40K activity of one gram of potassium". S2CID 250778838.
- ^ Nick Connor (14 December 2019). "What is Banana Equivalent Dose – BED – Definition". Radiation Dosimetry.
External links
- Table of radioactive isotopes, K-40
- The Lund/LBNL Nuclear Data Search
- Potassium-40 Section, Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas