Progress D-236

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D-236
The Progress D-236 propfan engine attached to the
Yak-42
E-LL testbed aircraft, on static display at the 1991 Paris Air Show.
Type Propfan
National origin Ukraine
Manufacturer Ivchenko-Progress
First run 1985[1][2]
Major applications Tupolev Tu-334
Ilyushin Il-88 and Il-118
Number built 5[2]
Developed from Lotarev D-136

The Progress D-236 was an experimental aircraft engine, a hybrid between a turbofan and a turboprop known as a propfan. Also known as the Lotarev D-236T, the three-shaft geared engine was designed in the 1980s and 1990s to power proposed propfan aircraft such as the Tupolev Tu-334, Ilyushin Il-118, and Ilyushin Il-88.

Based on the core of the Ukrainian Progress D-36 turbofan, the D-236 was the first Soviet propfan, and as of 2019 it is still one of only four different unshrouded, contra-rotating propfan engines to have flown in service or in flight testing.

Design and development

The D-236, an engine with unshrouded contra-rotating propellers, was first investigated in 1979[3] as the powerplant for the first version of the Ukrainian Antonov An-70. The front propeller was tested on the Antonov An-32 military transport aircraft in 1980, as the An-32's normal Ivchenko AI-20DM engines had about half the rated power of the D-236. However, the anticipated improvements in takeoff performance and noise reduction did not materialize. The noise at cruise speeds reached 115 to 120 decibels, which was even higher than the noise levels produced by the lighter Aerosila AV-68DM propellers typically attached on the AI-20DM. The increased noise affected radio communications and crew working conditions, so the propeller testing was quickly ended.[4]

An early version of the

contra-rotating propeller was not fast enough to be a propfan, and that it was simply an advanced propeller. The propfan/advanced propeller would power an unspecified Antonov airliner and be connected to the D-236 engine, which would be rated at 7,500 shaft kilowatts (10,000 hp). The engine was scheduled to start flight tests by the end of the year.[6]

Flight tests

However, the engine didn't fly until it was mounted on an

aerodynamic efficiency of 28 percent and a fuel savings of 30 percent over an equivalent turboprop. In addition, the Soviets revealed that the D-236 was intended for an unidentified four-propfan aircraft.[10] (This aircraft was probably the An-70, which in 1990 was altered to use four Progress D-27 engines instead of the previous quad-engine D-236 configuration.) In total, the D-236 flew 36 times for a total of 70 flight test hours on the Il-76.[9]

The D-236 engine also was tested in flight on a Yakovlev

Yak-46 aircraft with twin propfan engines.[12] The D-236 test engine replaced the right-sided D-36 aft engine that normally was used on the Yak-42 aircraft.[13] The Yak-46 would have a base capacity of 150 seats, a range of 1,900 nautical miles (3,500 km; 2,200 mi), and a cruise speed of Mach 0.75[14] (460 kn; 850 km/h; 530 mph; 240 m/s; 780 ft/s).[15] The D-236 finished testing on the Yak-42E-LL testbed before the end of 1991.[16]

Other proposals

In addition, the Soviet Union considered using D-236 propfan engines on these publicly proposed aircraft:

  • The
    Tu-334, a 126-seat aircraft that can travel 1,860 nmi (3,450 km; 2,140 mi) with 11,430 kg payload (25,200 lb; 11.43 t; 12.60-short-ton), which would be powered by two Progress D-236 propfans[17] with a specific fuel burn of 0.46 lb/lbf/h (13 g/kN/s), a cruise thrust of 1.6 tonnes-force (16 kN; 3,500 lbf), and a static thrust of 8 to 9 tf (78 to 88 kN; 18,000 to 20,000 lbf)[18]
  • The
    Antonov An-12 Cub tactical transporter that would be powered by two 8,200 kW (11,000 hp) Progress D-236 propfans[19]
  • The Ilyushin Il-118, an upgrade to the four-turboprop
    rpm and the six-bladed back propeller turning at 1,000 rpm to lower noise and vibration[20]

Although in November 1991, the

breakup of the Soviet Union plunged the successor states into financial troubles, which prevented further development of the D-236 and aircraft that would use that powerplant. One post-Soviet aircraft would eventually enter service with propfans, but the Antonov An-70 aircraft would instead use the Progress D-27
, which was a larger, more powerful, and more advanced propfan engine.

Applications

Specifications

General characteristics

Components

  • Compressor:

Performance

  • Maximum thrust: 10.5–11 tf (103–108 kN; 23,000–24,000 lbf)[11]
  • Specific fuel consumption: Takeoff: 0.2096 kg/(hp⋅h) (0.2811 kg/kWh; 0.462 lb/(hp⋅h)); Cruise: 0.1628 kg/(hp⋅h) (0.2183 kg/kWh; 0.359 lb/(hp⋅h))[23]

See also

Related development

Comparable engines

Related lists

References

  1. ^ "History - Ivchenko Progress". Archived from the original on December 3, 2013.
  2. ^
    ISSN 0005-2175
    .
  3. ^ a b Bellocq, Pablo (December 2012). Multi-disciplinary preliminary design assessments of pusher counter-rotating open rotors for civil aviation (PDF) (PhD thesis). Cranfield University. pp. 21–22.
  4. ^ "Antonov An-32 Cline twin-engined turboprop military transport aircraft". AviaKollektsia (in Russian). No. 3. 2016. p. 10 – via Aviapress.
  5. ^
    Gale A3810423
    .
  6. ISSN 0015-3710
    .
  7. OCLC 62343294
    .
  8. ^ "D-36, series 1, 1A, 2A, 3A turbofan". SE Ivchenko-Progress. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  9. ^
    OCLC 47676935
    .
  10. ISSN 0015-3710
    .
  11. ^ a b Abidin, Vadim (March 2008). "ОРЛИНЫЙ ГЛАЗ ФЛОТА Самолет радиолокационного дозора и наведения Як-44Э" [Eagle eye fleet: Yak-44E radar patrol and guidance aircraft]. Oboronnyy Zakaz (Defense Order) (in Russian). No. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 18, 2019 – via A.S. Yakovlev design bureau, Kryl'ia Rodiny (Wings of the Motherland) magazine.
  12. ^
    ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 25 November 2019.
  13. ISSN 0005-2175. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 5 July 2019.
  14. Gale A8494186
    .
  15. Gale A10813997
    .
  16. ISSN 0130-2701. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on August 27, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2019 – via Ilyushin Aviation Complex.
  17. Gale A8987476. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 25 November 2019.
  18. ISSN 0015-3710
    .
  19. ^ "Ilyushin Il-276 (SVTS)". Ruslet: Great Encyclopedia of Russian and Chinese Aviation (in Russian). Retrieved April 23, 2019.
  20. OCLC 52195311
    .
  21. Gale A11411898
    .
  22. ISSN 0013-7758
    .
  23. ^ "D-236". Airwar (in Russian). Archived from the original on October 9, 2018.

Bibliography

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