Progress M1-5

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Progress M1-5
Rosaviakosmos[1]
COSPAR ID2001-003A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.26688Edit this on Wikidata
Mission duration58 days, 1 hour, 30 minutes
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftProgress M1-5 No. 254
Spacecraft type
Energia
Launch mass7,082 kg (15,613 lb)[2]
Start of mission
Launch date24 January 2001, 04:28:42 (2001-01-24UTC04:28:42Z) UTC
RocketSoyuz-U
Launch siteBaikonur, Site 1/5
End of mission
DisposalDeorbited
Decay date23 March 2001, 05:59:24 (2001-03-23UTC05:59:25Z) UTC
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeLow Earth
Perigee altitude256 km (159 mi)
Apogee altitude282 km (175 mi)
Inclination51.6°
Period89.89 minutes
Epoch26 January 2001[3]
Docking with Mir
Docking portKvant-1 aft
Docking date27 January 2001, 05:33:31 UTC
Cargo
Fuel2,678 kg (5,904 lb)[a]
Progress Mir flights

Progress M1-5 was the

Russian Aviation and Space Agency
, Rosaviakosmos, was responsible for the mission.

Launched in January 2001 after a short delay due to a problem with Mir, on 27 January Progress M1-5 became the last spacecraft to dock with the station. It spent two months attached to the Kvant-1 module before deorbiting the station on 23 March 2001. Mir re-entered the atmosphere with Progress M1-5 still docked, disintegrating over the Pacific Ocean, with debris falling into the ocean at around 06:00 UTC. During the early stages of the uncrewed Progress M1-5 mission, a crewed Soyuz was placed on standby to launch in order to complete the mission if a problem occurred. The decision to deorbit Mir attracted both praise and criticism for Rosaviakosmos, while several campaigns to save the station were conducted.

Background

Picture of a space station backdropped against the Earth
Mir in orbit, photo taken in 1998 from Space Shuttle Discovery on the last Shuttle-Mir mission. A Progress spacecraft is attached on the side nearest the viewer.

Mir was the seventh and last crewed space station to be launched as part of the

MirCorp to lease the station for commercial use,[13] with the Soyuz TM-30 mission, intended to prepare the station for future use and conduct some commercial research, being flown in later that year.[14] This was to have been followed by more missions, including flights with space tourists, however due to the Russian government being concerned about MirCorp's ability to fund these missions, Rosaviakosmos decided against funding the continued operation of Mir.[10][11]

In November 2000, Rosaviakosmos decided to deorbit Mir,

Salyut spacecraft.[20]

Mission

Launch and docking

Picture of a rocket launch. The ground near the launch pad is covered in snow.
The launch of Progress M1-5 on a Soyuz-U rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome

Progress M1-5 was launched by a

gyroscopes, which had shut down when the computer failed.[25]

Preparations for the launch resumed on 22 January, and the launch occurred successfully at 04:28:42 GMT on 24 January.[26] Following the launch, Progress M1-5 spent three days in free flight before docking with the rear port of the Kvant-1 module of Mir at 05:33:31 GMT on 27 January.[18][27][28][29] The docking port had previously been occupied by Progress M-43, which departed at 05:19:49 on 25 January,[28][30][31] and subsequently remained in orbit until Progress M1-5 had docked with Mir.[31] Progress M-43, which had originally been launched to carry supplies and raise Mir's orbit, in anticipation of crewed flights which were never launched,[32] was subsequently deorbited at 02:12 GMT on 29 January, burning up during re-entry at 02:58.[32][33] Free-flights of Progress spacecraft typically lasted two days from launch to docking with Mir,[30] however Progress M1-5 took three days to reach Mir in order to conserve fuel for the deorbit burn. If it had launched on 18 January it would have spent four days in free flight.[22]

Post-docking

Progress M1-5 spent two months docked to Mir before the deorbit burn occurred. The gap between docking and deorbit was in order to allow the spacecraft to dock whilst Mir was still in a stable orbit, but then to allow some natural decay, or decrease in altitude, to occur in order to conserve the Progress' fuel. Controllers determined that they should wait for the station's orbital altitude to reach 250 kilometres (160 mi) before deorbiting it. In addition,

spin-stabilisation in order to further conserve the fuel, as the station had descended to an altitude at which its gyroscopes could not be used for attitude control. The station would remain in this spin until the deorbit manoeuvres began.[33]

On 20 February, Mir was predicted to descend to 250 kilometres within five days of 9 March.[22] By 1 March, it was at an altitude of 265 kilometres (165 mi), and descending at a rate of 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) per day. On 7 March, the Russian space agency opted to delay the deorbit burn until the station reached 220 kilometres (140 mi) as a result of natural decay, in order to allow more fuel for the burn, giving a greater range of options in the event of an anomaly during the deorbit manoeuvre.[22] It was predicted that without intervention, the station would have naturally entered the atmosphere on 28 March. On 12 March computers aboard Mir were reactivated ahead of deorbiting,[35] along with the control system on 13 March.[36] On 14 March it was announced that the procedure would be conducted on 22 March.[37] On 19 March it was delayed one day further due to a lower than expected descent rate, with the start of the first deorbit burn being set for 00:31 GMT.[38]

Deorbit

Main article: Deorbit of Mir
Picture of debris burning up backdropped against the sky
Map of the Pacific Ocean with a trail running from the top left corner to the bottom right corner, with a cross near the end.
Progress M1-5 and Mir disintegrate over the Pacific Ocean; their path and debris field depicted in the map at right

Progress M1-5 carried 2,678 kilograms (5,904 lb) of fuel with which to perform the manoeuvres to deorbit Mir.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration also assisted with tracking Mir during its final orbit and reentry.[47][48] Former cosmonaut Vladimir Solovyov, who had been a member of the first crew to visit Mir, led the mission control team which was on station during the deorbit.[49]

Contingency planning

Picture of the back of a spacecraft
The Soyuz-TM spacecraft Kristall would have flown a crew to Mir, should a problem have developed on Progress M1-5

Like all Progress spacecraft, M1-5 carried two docking systems,

Kurs and TORU. The automated Kurs system was the primary docking system, with TORU, which required manual input, as the backup. Because Mir was uncrewed at the time of its docking, and a cosmonaut aboard the station would have been required to perform a TORU docking, or to troubleshoot any other problems during the docking, the Soyuz-TM spacecraft Kristall was made ready for a flight to Mir should the flight control system aboard the station have failed and human intervention be required.[22][50] Cosmonauts Salizhan Sharipov and Pavel Vinogradov were originally scheduled to have been on standby for this mission,[51] with Talgat Musabayev and Yuri Baturin, the crew who eventually flew Kristall to the International Space Station during the Soyuz TM-32 mission, as the backup crew.[52] However, in December 2000, they were replaced by Gennady Padalka and Nikolai Budarin, a crew which became known as Expedition Zero. These cosmonauts were chosen because of their training for a similar emergency mission to the International Space Station the previous year, which would have been launched if the Zvezda module had failed to dock.[43] If a crewed flight had been launched, controllers would have waited until after it had landed to begin the deorbit of Mir.[50]

Progress M-43, which had been launched in 2000, undocked from Mir the day after Progress M1-5 launched, and was kept in orbit until Progress M1-5 docked.[31] In the event that Progress M1-5 had been unable to dock, Progress M-43 would have returned to the station and provide supplies of food and oxygen for the Soyuz crew.[22] Progress M-43 was deorbited after Progress M1-5 docked successfully.[33] If Progress M1-5 had launched on 16 January, the Soyuz launch would have occurred on 10 February if it had been required.[23] It was stood down around 22 February, after the decaying altitude of Mir made it too dangerous to send a crew to it.[22] If Mir's main computer had failed after Progress M1-5 had docked, then the flight plan would have been modified to use either the station's BUPO rendezvous system, or the Progress for control. Under this plan, the third deorbit burn would have been conducted 24 hours after the first two burns, with the station being spin-stabilised again between the second and third burns. Controllers also planned for a failure of Mir's power system, which would have resulted in the deorbit being delayed one day, with all guidance and control functions being handled by the Progress spacecraft.[22][37]

It was reported that Rosaviakosmos had taken out an insurance policy worth $200 million to cover damage caused by falling debris.

South Pacific Forum requested assurance from Russia that they would not be hit by falling debris.[58] Chan Sek Keong, the attorney general of Singapore, called for greater regulation of space debris.[59]

Reaction

The reaction to Russia's announcement and subsequent execution of its plan to deorbit Mir was mixed. Several cosmonauts expressed regrets at the loss of the station, but support for the decision to end the programme; Vladimir Titov described the station as "a good ship", but said that he agreed with the decision to prioritise the International Space Station,[60] while Vladimir Dezhurov said that he felt "sad about Mir but we have to look into the future."[60] In November 2000, shortly after plans to deorbit Mir were announced, members of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia passed a resolution in the Duma, the lower house of the Russian parliament, aimed at preventing it.[61] On 8 February 2001, a protest against the deorbiting of the station was held in Moscow, and a petition was subsequently sent to Russian president Vladimir Putin.[62] Gennady Zyuganov, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, described deorbiting the station to be "incorrect and harmful", and the act of a "helpless, weak-willed, inefficient and not very responsible" government.[63] Iran attempted to buy the space station, with president Mohammad Khatami offering to fund it for two to three years in return for Russian assistance with cosmonaut training,[64] however by this stage it was too late for such a transaction to be completed.[65]

The major Russian

RKK Energia responded to criticism of the decision in an open letter in mid February, which explained that the "actual condition of the onboard systems...[does] not make possible the safe and reliable operation of Mir", and that attempts to prolong its life "may lead to the loss of control of Mir..and, as a result, to catastrophic consequences not only for Russia but for the whole world."[67][68]

The US Government welcomed the decision to deorbit Mir, as it freed up Russian resources for the International Space Station programme.

continental United States would be entitled to a free Taco Bell taco. The company bought a sizeable insurance policy for this "gamble."[71] No piece of the station struck the target.[72] A group of enthusiasts from the United States, led by Bob Citron, chartered an aircraft to fly over the Pacific and view the reentry.[73][74]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Gross mass, which includes propellant needed to rendezvous with Mir and hence unavailable for the deorbit burn.

Citations

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