Protein A
Protein A, Ig-binding domain | |||||||||||
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Protein A is a 42
History
As a by-product of his work on type-specific staphylococcus antigens, Verwey reported in 1940 that a protein fraction prepared from extracts of these bacteria non-specifically precipitated rabbit antisera raised against different staphylococcus types.[4] In 1958, Jensen confirmed Verwey's finding and showed that rabbit pre-immunization sera as well as normal human sera bound to the active component in the staphylococcus extract; he designated this component Antigen A (because it was found in fraction A of the extract) but thought it was a polysaccharide.[5] The misclassification of the protein was the result of faulty tests,[6] but it was not long thereafter (1962) that Löfkvist and Sjöquist corrected the error and confirmed that Antigen A was in fact a surface protein on the bacterial wall of certain strains of S. aureus.[7] The Bergen group from Norway named the protein "Protein A" after the antigen fraction isolated by Jensen.[8]
Protein A antibody binding
It has been shown via crystallographic refinement that the primary binding site for protein A is on the Fc region, between the CH2 and CH3 domains.[9] In addition, protein A has been shown to bind human IgG molecules containing IgG F(ab')2 fragments from the human VH3 gene family.[10]
Protein A can bind with strong affinity to the Fc portion of immunoglobulin of certain species as shown in the below table.[11]
Species | Subclass | Binding |
---|---|---|
Human | IgA | variable |
IgD | weak or none | |
IgE | weak or none | |
IgG1 | strong | |
IgG2 | strong | |
IgG3 | weak or none | |
IgG4 | strong | |
IgM | variable | |
Avian egg yolk | IgY | weak or none |
Bovine | medium | |
Canine | medium | |
Goat | weak or none | |
Guinea pig | IgG1 | strong |
Hamster | weak | |
Horse | medium | |
Koala | weak or none | |
Llama | weak or none | |
Monkey (rhesus) | strong | |
Murine | IgG1 | weak |
IgG2a | strong | |
IgG2 | medium to strong | |
IgG3 | medium | |
IgM | variable | |
Pig | medium to strong | |
Rabbit | strong | |
Rat | IgG1 | weak or none |
IgG2a | weak or none | |
IgG2b | weak or none | |
IgG3 | weak | |
Sheep | weak or none |
Other antibody binding proteins
In addition to protein A, other immunoglobulin-binding bacterial proteins such as protein G, protein A/G and protein L are all commonly used to purify, immobilize or detect immunoglobulins.
Role in pathogenesis
As a pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus utilizes protein A, along with a host of other proteins and surface factors, to aid its survival and virulence. To this end, protein A plays a multifaceted role:
- By binding the Fc portion of antibodies, protein A renders them inaccessible to the opsonins, thus impairing phagocytosis of the bacteria via immune cell attack.
- Protein A facilitates the adherence of S. aureus to human von Willebrand factor (vWF)-coated surfaces, thus increasing the bacteria's infectiousness at the site of skin penetration.
- Protein A can inflame lung tissue by binding to tumor necrosis factor 1(TNFR-1) receptors. This interaction has been shown to play a key role in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal pneumonia.
- Protein A has been shown to cripple humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity which in turn means that individuals can be repeatedly infected with S. aureus since they cannot mount a strong antibody response.
- Protein A has been shown to promote the formation of biofilms both when the protein is covalently linked to the bacterial cell wall as well as in solution.[12]
Protein A helps inhibit phagocytic engulfment and acts as an immunological disguise. Higher levels of protein A in different strains of S. aureus have been associated with nasal carriage of this bacteria.[13]
Mutants of S. aureus lacking protein A are more efficiently phagocytosed in vitro, and mutants in infection models have diminished virulence.[14]
Production
Protein A is produced and purified in industrial fermentation for use in immunology, biological research and industrial applications (see below). Natural (or native) protein A can be cultured in Staphylococcus aureus and contains the five homologous antibody binding regions described above and a C-terminal region for cell wall attachment. Today, protein A is more commonly produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli. (Brevibacillus has also been shown to be an effective host.[15]) Recombinant versions of protein A also contain the five homologous antibody binding domains but may vary in other parts of the structure in order to facilitate coupling to porous substrates.[16] Engineered versions of the protein are also available, the first of which was rProtein A, B4, C-CYS.[17] Engineered versions are multimers (typically tetramers, pentamers or hexamers) of a single domain which has been modified to improve usability in industrial applications.
Research
Protein A is often coupled to other molecules such as a
Protein A is often immobilized onto a solid support and used as reliable method for purifying total IgG from crude protein mixtures such as
Role in industrial purification of antibodies
The first reference in the literature to a commercially available protein A chromatography resin appeared in 1976.
References
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- ISBN 9780120224333.
- .
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- S2CID 35812099.
- ^ Affinity Chromatography (PDF). Vol. 1: Antibodies (AF ed.). GE Healthcare. 2016. p. 48.
- ^ "A Pathogen's Swiss Army Knife". Small Things Considered. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
- PMID 21338050.
- PMID 12719481.
- ^ Kosugi A, JP, Yajima K, JP (November 18, 2014), United States Patent: 8889389 - Process for producing protein A-like protein with use of Brevibacillus genus bacterium, retrieved 2016-08-26
- ^ "usp31nf26s1_c130". www.uspbpep.com. General Chapters: PROTEIN A QUALITY ATTRIBUTES. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
- ^ Hober S (June 12, 2012), United States Patent: 8198404 - Mutated immunoglobulin-binding protein, retrieved 2016-08-26
- S2CID 58547594.
- S2CID 8733702.
- PMID 12109.
- PMID 17046339.
- PMID 20647768.