Pull-down (exercise)

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Cable pull-down exercise to the front with a medium-width overhand (pronated) grip

The pull-down exercise is a strength training exercise designed to develop the latissimus dorsi muscle. It performs the functions of downward rotation and depression of the scapulae combined with adduction and extension of the shoulder joint.

The cable lat pull-down is done where the handle is moved via a cable pulley, as opposed to doing pull-downs on a leverage machine.

Muscles

The standard pull-down motion is a compound movement that requires dynamic work by muscles surrounding the three joints which move during the exercise. These are the

scapulothoracic joints in the shoulder
girdle.

Latissimus dorsi

The

latissimus dorsi performs extension and adduction of the arm directly to the spinal fascia. It bypasses the scapulae unlike other muscles which perform this function, so work performed by this muscle will not contribute to muscles that affect the scapulae. The lower sternal fibers of the pectoralis major
also perform this role of extension and adduction to a lesser degree.

The contraction of these adductor/extensor muscles can indirectly depress and downwardly rotate the scapulae; this is only required when they are pulled into elevation and upward rotation by the contraction of muscles that attach to the scapulae. If the weight were being pulled solely by the lats, for example, the scapulae would simply be pulled down by gravity, along for the ride.

Scapular

Muscles that attach to and depress the scapulae include the lower

levator scapulae
to perform downward rotation of the scapulae.

Muscles which attach to the scapulae that adduct and extend the arm include the posterior

subscapularis
as medial rotators).

Elbow

Muscles which flex the elbow joint such as the

brachioradialis muscle are active to improve leverage.[1] As the biceps originate on the scapula unlike the other two which originate on the humerus, the biceps are inclined to serve a role as a dynamic stabilizer, much as the hamstrings would during a squat. This is because, while the biceps shortens as the elbow flexes, it will also lengthen as the shoulder extends.[2]

A supinated grip at the forearm allows the biceps to contribute more strongly as an elbow flexor. A prone grip will rely more greatly on the other flexors, the brachialis and brachioradialis.

Using a pronated grip during pull-downs tends to result in the greatest activation of the latissimus dorsi, with no difference in latissimus dorsi activity between grip widths.[3]

Similarities

The pull-down is extremely similar to the pull-up, but uses moving external weights or resistance with a fixed body rather than a fixed bar and a moving body. This makes the pull-down an open-chain movement and the pull-up a closed-chain movement. The weight moved can also be adjusted to be more or less than the weight of the person doing the exercise.[4]

Form

The pull-down usually uses a weight machine with a seat and brace for the thighs. The starting position involves sitting at the machine with the thighs braced, back straight and feet flat on the floor. The arms are held overhead at full extension, grasping a bar connected to the weight stack. The movement is initiated by pulling the elbows down and back, lowering the bar to the neck, and completed by returning to the initial position.

Variations

  • Narrow grip underhand pull-down begin
    Narrow grip underhand pull-down begin
  • Narrow grip underhand pull-down end
    Narrow grip underhand pull-down end
  • Narrow grip neutral pull-down begin
    Narrow grip neutral pull-down begin
  • Narrow grip neutral pull-down end
    Narrow grip neutral pull-down end
  • Narrow grip overhand pull-down begin
    Narrow grip overhand pull-down begin
  • Narrow grip overhand pull-down end
    Narrow grip overhand pull-down end
  • Wide grip overhand pull-down begin
    Wide grip overhand pull-down begin
  • Wide grip overhand pull-down end
    Wide grip overhand pull-down end

Variations can include touching the bar to the chest (sternum) versus the back of the neck,

standing or squatting position. The number of repetitions and weight moved varies according to the specific training plan of the person training.[4]

The

chin-up/pull-up is a very similar exercise that moves the body against a fixed bar rather than moving a bar against a fixed body.[1]

Behind neck

This variation of the lat pull-down, in which the bar is pulled behind the neck, may be dangerous and less effective.[5] Behind the neck lat pull-downs offer no biomechanical advantages.[6] It can cause compression of the cervical spine disks, and disk damage if contact is made by striking the bar to the neck. In addition, it can cause rotator cuff injuries.[7]

Muscle involvement

If the weight is pulled to touch the front of the chest, the

trapezius muscle.[1]

Etymology

The "lat" sometimes added before "pull-down" commonly refers to the

latissimus dorsi
used in the movement.

Most exercises describe the muscle that is involved and the direction of the exercise e.g. biceps curl, triceps extension, leg press, hamstring curl, abdominal curl and so on.

Although "lat" can be first thought as short for "

lateral raise
.

See also

Notes

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7360-4266-6
    .
  2. ^ ExRx explains muscles used
  3. S2CID 70504128
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8092-5559-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  5. ^ Raffle, Cary. "The Mega List of Exercise Do's and Dont's".
  6. ^ Anderson, Owen. "Shoulder injury rehabilitation: Which lat pull down variation is best for shoulder injury rehabilitation and shoulder injury prevention?". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
  7. ^ Duvall, Robert. "Avoiding Shoulder Injury from Resistance Training" (PDF).
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