Quadrat

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Quadrat (disambiguation).
A quadrat used to measure the percentage cover of certain species.

A quadrat is a frame used in

plants
, slow-moving animals, and some aquatic organisms.

A photo-quadrat is a photographic record of the area framed by a quadrat. It may use a physical frame to indicate the area, or may rely on fixed camera distance and lens field of view to automatically cover the specified area of substrate.[3] Parallel laser pointers mounted on the camera can also be used as scale indicators. The photo is taken perpendicular to the surface, or as close as possible to perpendicular for uneven surfaces.

History

The systematic use of quadrats was developed by the pioneering plant ecologists R. Pound and

F. E. Clements between 1898[4] and 1900.[5] The method was then swiftly applied for many purposes in ecology, such as the study of plant succession.[6] Botanists and ecologists such as Arthur Tansley soon took up and modified the method.[7][8]

The ecologist J. E. Weaver applied the use of quadrats to the teaching of ecology in 1918.[9]

Method

A quadrat can be used by researchers to methodically count organisms within a smaller, representative area in order to extrapolate to a larger habitat when comprehensive sampling is impossible or not practical. The quadrat's size corresponds to the size of the organism being sampled and the overall sampling area. To avoid selection bias, researchers will randomly distribute quadrats throughout the sampling area.[10]

GPS, and differential GPS.[11]

See also

  • Stand level modelling

References

  1. ^ Krebs, C.J. (1999). Ecological Methodology. Addison-Wesley.
  2. ^ Wheater, C. Philip; et al. (2011). Practical Field Ecology: Project Guide. John Wiley and Sons.
  3. ISBN 9780521249157
    .
  4. Clements, F. E.
    (June 1898). "A method of determining the abundance of secondary species". Minnesota Botanical Studies. 2: 19–24.
  5. Clements, F. E. (1900). Phytogeography of Nebraska (Second ed.). Lincoln, Neb. Published by the Seminar. pp. 61
    –63.
  6. Clements, F. E.
    (1916). Plant Succession. The Seminar, Lincoln, Nebraska. pp. 423–437.
  7. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1904.tb05867.x
    .
  8. ^ Tansley, A. G. (1911). Types of British vegetation. Cambridge University Press.
  9. JSTOR 43477708
    .
  10. ^ "Questions about Quadrats". Science and Plants for Schools. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  11. doi:10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00118.x
    .

External links
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