Racial diversity and discrimination in STEM fields
According to the National Science Foundation (NSF), women and racial minorities are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM).[1] Scholars, governments, and scientific organizations from around the world have noted a variety of explanations contributing to this lack of racial diversity, including higher levels of discrimination, implicit bias, microaggressions, chilly climate, lack of role models and mentors, and less academic preparation.[2][3][4]
Race imbalance in STEM in the United States
Racial minorities, with the exception of Asian Americans, are underrepresented through every stage of the STEM pipeline.[1]
Education and degree attainment
Racial disparities in high school completion are a prominent reason for racial imbalances in STEM fields. While only 1.8% of Asian and 4.1% of White students drop out of high school, 5.6% of Black, 7.7% of Hispanic, 8.0% of Pacific Islander, and 9.6% of American Indian/Alaskan Native students drop out of high school.[6] Among those that graduate high school, 67% of Whites, 62% of Blacks, and 69% of Hispanics enroll in a “degree granting college.”[7] While there is no measurable difference in college enrollment of White, Black, and Hispanic STEM students, only 15% of Black students who initially enrolled in a STEM major received a STEM bachelor's degree at graduation, compared to 30% of White and Asian students.[8]
Employment, occupation, and income
According to the
Effects of underrepresentation of people of color in STEM
Among Black workers in STEM fields, 57% feel that there too little attention being directed toward adding more racial and ethnic diversity in the workplace.[11] This lack of diversity contributes to isolation and a lack of social support in the workplace which can increase anxiety and depression for many people of color in STEM.[12]
Explanations for the underrepresentation for people of color
Recently, scholars have begun applying the framework of
Stereotypes and preconceived notions of STEM
Scientific racism of the late 19th and early 20th centuries attempted to identify biological, intellectual, and physiological differences among races. Lasting effects of the scientific racism include racial stereotypes about students of color and preconceived notions of STEM as predominantly a white, male field.[14] A study highlighting the underrepresentation of women and racial minorities in STEM found that Asian and White candidates were viewed as more competent and hirable than Black and Latino/a candidates. Similarly, survey results from this study show that students were much more likely to recognize and name white male STEM professionals than Black or women STEM professionals.[15] Additionally, students of color on college campus often face prevailing societal misconceptions and assumptions that they are affirmative action beneficiaries, on sport scholarships, and/or “at-risk” students. Students of color additionally must contend with stereotype threat that has been found to lower academic achievement. In particular, high-achieving Black students, attempting to combat prevailing stereotypes about their lack of intelligence, while Asian students combat the prevailing model minority stereotype presuming they are biologically predisposed to mathematical ability.
Stem identity
The development of a STEM identity increases the overall likelihood that a student will continue to develop scientific literacy and pursue a STEM career. The
Microaggressions
People of color and underrepresented minority groups in science, technology, engineering and math are more likely than whites to experience racial microaggressions.[19] Studies show racial microaggressions that occur on college campus weaken students sense of belonging, make it difficult to form relationships with faculty, and contribute to less cultural alignment with STEM.[19][20] At predominantly white institutions (PWI) environmental microaggressions are common in shared laboratory spaces among students and during meetings with faculty and advisors.[21] Black female students are especially likely to feel alienated and isolated from their peers in STEM departments.[22][23]
Implicit bias
Research on
Sense of belonging
When people do not feel welcome in a place, environment, or institution, they are less likely to feel they belong and more likely to withdraw.[26] In particular, women and people of color often adopt individual strategies of assimilation or patriarchal bargaining in their attempt to gain acceptance.[13] For example, Black male scientists adopt coping strategies to endure racialized interactions with colleagues and managers.[27] Similarly, Black female undergraduates students describe coping with racism on campus by gravitating toward same-race peers, faculty, and staff.[22] When underrepresented groups are forced to adapt or leave the field altogether, it costs STEM valuable talent and perspectives that could be used to advance scientific discoveries and advancements.
STEM pipeline
The STEM pipeline starts to narrow early as students of color face additional barriers to STEM participation in school. The following are some examples of these barriers.
Primary and secondary schools
Research indicates that racial disparities in science achievement test scores begin as early as third grade.
College
While Black males are twice as likely as their white peers to declare a STEM major upon entering college, they are less likely to graduate with a STEM degree.[30][7] Scholars point to microaggressions, a chilly climate, and lack of role models and mentors as contributing to students of color being "weeded out” of STEM majors.[7][25] Additionally, one study examining Black male engineering graduate students found that microaggressions from counselors, mentors, and fellow students resulted non-normative role strain.[27] These actors increase the likelihood that people of color leave STEM majors.
Mentorship
Because white men are still overrepresented in STEM fields there is a lack of available mentorship from faculty and scientists of color. As a result, students of color in STEM feel unheard, excluded, and lose opportunities to make connections with peers. Research does indicate that students of color at HBCU's are much more likely to perceive their mentors to be supportive and describe more positive interactions with peers.[25]
Work
Underrepresented minorities, including women, people of color, and LGBT individuals are more vulnerable to experience discrimination, isolation, and/or harassment in their workplaces.[31] A Pew survey of men and women in STEM indicates that 50% of women in STEM experienced gender-related discrimination at work and about 62% of Black people in STEM jobs stated they experienced racial discrimination at work.[11] Additionally, 72% of Black STEM workers believe that facing racial discrimination is a major reason why there are not more people of color in STEM fields.[11]
Strategies for increasing participation of people of color in STEM
Underrepresentation of people of color in STEM is a problem that is rooted to white supremacy and racism.
Bias training
Many scholars and organization recommend elimination of bias as a means to increase representation in STEM.[2] Specifically, implicit bias, training of students, managers, faculty, and even students is seen as one way to combat stereotypes and reduce microaggressions targeting people of color.[32] Additionally, incorporating implicit bias statements and policies can strengthen a commitment to diversity and inclusion within institutions.[33]
Protective factors
Those in STEM fields have recognized that there is an extensive history of poor representation of women and people of color in STEM and are working to close the gap. Addressing this issue requires a coherent and sustained effort across multiple fronts. Many would argue that single intervention does not work, but that sustainable and strategic reform in education, work place, and within our communities would put our theory in to practice. Transforming our perception of STEM in the early education years for students of color necessitates celebration of the distinct contribution that women and people of color bring to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.[3]
Teachers
While many teachers are highly dedicated to reducing the race gap and actively striving to create equal opportunities in their classrooms, they can actually contribute to the STEM race gap. It is important that teachers understand that their actions impact students’ futures more than they may realize.[34]
Role models
One of the most promoted solutions is the need for role models. While both female and male role models can be effective in recruiting women in STEM fields there is a lack of role models of color to mentor POC in STEM fields. When individuals have someone to look up to that looks like them, they are more willing to stay in the field and develop a sense of belonging.[35] Opportunities to engage and connect with individuals in STEM allows for excitement to be a part of this community and the development of a stronger STEM identity.[36]
Mentors
Mentors provide students the academic and social support they need to succeed in STEM, however, having same-race mentorship is an important step in retaining students of color in STEM. Not only do students of color report more positive interactions with same-race faculty, they are also more likely to develop stronger STEM identities.[22]
Organized efforts
There is a growing number of organizations whose goal is to increase diversity in STEM fields by encouraging girls and women to thrive in STEM environments. An example of one of these organizations is Girls Who Code. Their mission is to successfully close the gender gap in new entry-level tech jobs by 2030. Girls Who Code focuses their work not only on gender diversity but also on young women who are historically underrepresented in computer science fields, including African American/Black, Hispanic or Latina, Bi/ Multiracial, Native American/Alaskan, and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, those who come from low-income backgrounds, specifically free and/or reduced lunch eligible, and those who have had a lack of exposure or access to computer science. Girls Who Code acknowledges and values the intersections of race/ethnicity, gender identity and expression, class, sexual orientation, ability, age, national origin, and religious/spiritual identities.
Similarly, Black girls who participated in I AM STEM, a community nonprofit organization designed to increase STEM participation among underrepresented groups, engaged directly in first-hand scientific research which contributed to stronger connections to STEM.[37]
Another great example of organizations for the underrepresented is the Society for advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS). SACNAS's mission is to advance the success of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in securing advanced degrees, careers, and positions of leadership in STEM fields. The organization has been working to make sure that those most underrepresented in STEM have the support they need to attain advanced degrees, careers, and positions of leadership. SACNAS also often points out that diverse voices bring creative solutions to our world's most pressing scientific problems and that building a national network that is innovative, powerful, and inclusive is necessary.
Important scientists, engineers, and mathematicians
- Katherine Johnson
- West Area Computers
- Dorothy Vaughan
- Mary Jackson
- Raychelle Burks
- Jedidiah Isler
- Ellen Ochoa
- Ruby Hirose
- Rebecca Lee Crumpler
- France A. Cordova
- Claudia Alexander
- Susan La Flesche Picotte
- Alice Ball
- Janaki Ammal
- Linda Garcia Cubero
- Hedy Lamarr
- Nadine Caron
- Neil deGrasse Tyson
- John Herrington
- Mary G. Ross
- Luis Walter Alvarez
- Ella Cara Deloria
- Witri Wahyu Lestari
- Aaron Yazzie
- Nanibaa' Garrison
See also
- Racial discrimination
- Imposter syndrome
- Racial Diversity in United States Schools
- Internalized Racism
- Institutional Racism
- White Privilege
- Racial Wage gap
- Society for the Advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science
- National Society of Black Engineers
- National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers
- Stereotype Threat
- Microaggressions
- Harassment
- Gendered Racism
- Scientific Racism
- Women in STEM
- STEM Pipeline
- Structural Inequality in Education
- Underrepresented Groups in STEM
- Implicit Stereotype
- Racial equality
- Hidden Figures
- Marginalization
- Affirmative action
References
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- ^ a b "Tapping all our talents 2018". Royal Society of Edinburgh. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
- ^ "STEM for All". whitehouse.gov. 2016-02-11. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
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