Raffles Lighthouse

Coordinates: 1°09′36.2″N 103°44′27.2″E / 1.160056°N 103.740889°E / 1.160056; 103.740889
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Raffles Lighthouse
Raffles Lighthouse in 2014
Map
LocationPulau Satumu, Singapore
Coordinates1°09′36.2″N 103°44′27.2″E / 1.160056°N 103.740889°E / 1.160056; 103.740889
Tower
Constructed1855
ConstructionGranite tower
Height29 metres (95 ft)
ShapeCylindrical tower with balcony and lantern
MarkingsWhite tower and lantern
Light
Focal height32 metres (105 ft)
Intensity117,000 candelas
Range12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi)
CharacteristicFl (3) W 20s.

Raffles Lighthouse[a] is a lighthouse located on Pulau Satumu in the Singapore Strait, about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south of the main island of Singapore.[1]

History

The Raffles Lighthouse was first mooted in 1833, but the

Governor of the Straits Settlements from 1843 to 1855.[2] The stones on which Raffles Lighthouse stands come from the granite quarries on Pulau Ubin. The lighthouse was named after Sir Stamford Raffles, who founded modern Singapore in 1819.[3]

The lighthouse was erected on a 1.3-hectare (3.2-acre) rocky island called Pulau Satumu, the southernmost island off the main island of Singapore. Pulau Satumu means "one tree island" – sa refers to satu ("one") and tumu is the Malay name for the large mangrove tree, Bruguiera confugata. The light source was a wick burner which was replaced in 1905 by a pressurised vapour kerosene mantle burner to increase the light intensity for a greater visible range. A 2nd Order optic was mounted on a roller carriage to allow for smooth rotation. (The Order is a system of classifying the type of lenses used based on the focal length of the lens). This roller carriage was a weight-driven machine which had to be rewound manually to lift the weight whenever it reached the base. The rewinding was done hourly. A crew of seven men was required to man the lighthouse.

Raffles Lighthouse is located on Pulau Satumu (indicated by the arrow), south of the main island of Singapore

In 1968, the installation of a 4th Order electrically operated revolving optic replaced the original 2nd Order optic with a pressurised vapour kerosene "Hood" mantle burner.

incandescent bulb producing 350,000 candelas of light intensity with a visibility range of 22 nautical miles (41 km; 25 mi). The power supply came from one of the three generators
installed in a generator room built close to the keeper's room. As the rotation was electrically driven by motors, the crew was reduced to four men.

In 1988 the 4th Order optic was replaced by a

photocell. The manning of the lighthouse was further reduced to two men. The use of solar energy
which is freely and readily available has resulted in a reduction of operating and maintenance cost.

Present-day lighthouse

The present lighthouse equipment consists of a main and standby rotating beacon, each producing 117,000 candelas with a nominal range of 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi). A radar beacon (

Automatic Identification System
(AIS) was installed to broadcast additional positioning information to ships.

Coral reef surveys

The

National Biodiversity Centre, Blue Water Volunteers and volunteers from the public started a coral reef surveying programme in 2005 to monitor the status of hard corals (Scleractinia), mobile invertebrates and coral reef fish at several locations around five southern islands, including Pulau Satumu on which Raffles Lighthouse is located. Internationally recognised techniques developed by Reef Check and the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network were adopted for this programme.[4]

The Southern Islands, Singapore. Panoramic view of Pulau Satumu (Raffles Lighthouse), Pulau Biola, Pulau Senang, Pulau Pawai and Pulau Sudong, from Pulau Semakau. (Note: This is as close as one can get to see the islands due to their military sensitivity.)

See also

References

Notes

  1. Chinese: 莱佛士灯塔; Malay: Rumah Api Raffles; Tamil
    : ராஃபில்ஸ் கலங்கரை விளக்கம்)

Citations

  1. ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of Singapore". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  2. ^ "Untitled". The Straits Times. 23 May 1854. p. 4. Retrieved 19 August 2024 – via NewspaperSG.
  3. ^
    New Nation. p. 7. Retrieved 19 August 2024 – via NewspaperSG
    .
  4. ^ Initiatives, National Parks Board, 2009, archived from the original on 31 January 2010.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raffles Lighthouse.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raffles_Lighthouse&oldid=1253822962"