Ras Alula

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Ras Alula
Tembien, Ethiopian Empire
Allegiance
Years of service19th century
Battles/wars
Spouse(s)W. Bitawa Gabra Masqal
ChildrenDammaqach
Dinqnash
Sahaywarada

Garibaldi of Ethiopia".[3]

Early years

Alula was born in

Mennewe, a village in Tembien, the son of Engda Eqube, a farmer of modest origins. Haggai Erlich relates a story about Alula's childhood – "well known throughout Tigray": a group of people carrying baskets of bread to a wedding ceremony were stopped by a group of children led by the future Ras, who demanded to know where they were going. "To the Castle of Ras Alula Wadi Equbi," they mockingly replied. "Thereafter," concludes Erlich, "his friends and the people of Mannawe nicknamed him Ras Alula."[4]

The house of Ras Alula at Asmara, in present-day Eritrea

At first Alula attached himself to the distinguished Ras

the battle of Assem where Emperor Yohannes crushed his opponent (11 July 1871).[5]
In spite of his humble background, Alula succeeded in climbing the ladder of the feudal hierarchy.

He had three children by his first wife Woizero B'tweta. However, in order to enhance his position at the Imperial court, he divorced his wife and married Woizero Amlesu Araya, daughter of Ras Araya Dimtsu, the powerful and much respected uncle of Emperor Yohannes IV. His second marriage was purely for political reasons, to improve his legitimacy with the local aristocracy, who did not hide their disapproval at seeing the son of a peasant reach this stature.

Alula demonstrated his military skill in the

Mereb Mellash (today part of Eritrea).[6]

Battle of Kufit

In the

Bogos and Massawa as possessions of Ethiopia in return for Ras Alula's help evacuating the Egyptian garrisons of Amedeb, Algeden, Keren, Ghirra, and Gallabat which had been isolated by the Mahdists, and because of these successes the British once more asked for his help against the Mahdists under Osman Digna.[7]

Ras Alula prepared for his campaign against the Mahdists, despite the opposition of certain local leaders who did not accept his rule. Nevertheless, Alula advanced into the territory of the Bogos, then entered Keren in September 1885, where he stayed for ten days, then marched on Kufit.

At Kufit, Osman Digna's forces were annihilated, but the Ethiopians also suffered significant losses: the commanders Blatta Gebru and Aselafi Hagos were killed, and Ras Alula himself was wounded.

Battle of Dogali

Main article: Battle of Dogali
Battle of Dogali in 1887

However events beyond the Horn of Africa gave Ras Alula very little time to recover from the battle. As part the European Scramble for Africa, at this time the Italians took control of the Red Sea coasts, occupying Massawa and Saati with the tacit approval of the British, which was a violation of the Hewett Treaty.[8]

Although he had collaborated with the British against the Mahdists, Ras Alula chief interest was to guarantee Ethiopian sovereignty, which made him very wary towards the English whom he suspected supported the Italians' encroachments. His mistrust is clearly expressed in a conversation carried out with

Manchester Guardian
:

What does England mean by destroying Hewett's treaty and allowing the Italians to take my country from me? …Did I not relieve the Egyptian garrison in the Bogos country? Did I not fight at Cassala when it was too late? Have I not done everything I could? You English used us to do what you wanted and then left us.[9]

Upon returning to Asmara, Alula mobilized 5,000 men and marched from Ghinda towards Saati. It is unclear whether Ras Alula was acting on his own initiative in this instance, or at the orders of his Emperor. Discussing the battle later, he insisted that he was following orders; contemporary Ethiopian documents support Ras Alula's claim. However, in a 9 March 1887 letter to Queen Victoria, Emperor Yohannes wrote that his general had first spent two weeks investigating the Italian presence, then demanded that the Italians either evacuate their positions outside of Massawa or fight.[10]

Before attacking the Italians, he notified Emperor Yohannes of his intentions, which is expressed to Harrison, who had accompanied the admiral Hewett during the negotiations of the treaty, declaring to him that the British had not honored their word.

To Marcopolo Bey Ras Alula wrote that the Italians were in Massawa, and to the Consul Sumagn de France, he warned that he would destroy the Italian forces if they did not leave Abyssinian territory. But the Italians believed that it was "the divine will that the Italians come to Massawa". In October 1886, the forces of Alula appeared near Saati and Massawa.

By December 1886, confrontation with the Italians was inevitable. The first clash took place 25 January 1887 at Saati, where the Ethiopians were repulsed with heavy casualties; Alula rallied his troops and the next day annihilated the Italian relief column at Dogali. The commander of the Italian forces, colonel Tommaso De Cristoforis was killed in this battle, along with 400 soldiers and 22 officers.

Battle of Gallabat

Main article: Battle of Gallabat

By 1888 the Sudanese Italians and dervishes were ready to renew their attacks. In March 1889, the

Mareb River
.

Menelik II of Shewa was crowned emperor only a few months after the battle. The Italian Count Pietro Antonelli, who represented his country in Ethiopia, hastened to Wuchale where he negotiated a treaty
with Menelik, which gave official Ethiopia recognition to Italian possession of all of the land the Italians occupied. A few months later, they used this treaty to declare Eritrea their African colony.

Battle of Adwa

Main article: Battle of Adwa

Following the

First Italo-Abyssinian War, and as the bitter news spreads through Ethiopia the major nobility and military figures, including Ras Alula, unanimously joined him. The conflict culminated at the Battle of Adwa
on 1 March 1896.

In this battle, Alula was on the left side of the Ethiopian positions, on the heights of Adi Abune, supported by soldiers of Ras

Mengesha
.

Augustus Wylde, a contemporary of the events, described Ras Alula's invaluable contribution to this critical battle:

The Abysssinians never expected to be attacked, and the Italian advance would have been a complete surprise, had it not been for Ras Aloula, who never believed the Italian officials, and would never trust them. Two of his spies observed the Italians leave Entiscio, and arrived by a circuitous route, and informed Ras Aloula, who was one mile to the north of Adi-Aboona, that the enemy was on the march to Adowa. The Ras immediately informed King Menelik and the other leaders, and the Abyssinians prepared for battle, sending out strong scouting parties in all directions in front of their positions towards Entiscio.[12]

Ras Alula was assigned to watch the Gasgorie Pass and block the arrival of Italian reinforcements coming from Adi Quala.[13] According to Haggai Erlich, Ras Alula's had only a small force, and probably played a limited part in the actual fighting.[14]

Death

Ras Alula could not rest after this victory; less than a year later, on 15 January 1897, he fought against an old rival, Ras Hagos of Tembien. Although Ras Alula was victorious and Ras Hagos killed, Ras Alula suffered a gunshot wound to the leg, and died on 15 February 1897.[15]

Legacy

[Ras Alula is] the best general and strategist that Africa has perhaps produced in modern times.

— Augustus Wylde,
The Manchester Guardian
, 1901, p. 20

Ras Alula holds a special place in Ethiopian history as the greatest military mind the country has ever produced. The airport in

Richard Pankhurst named his son, Dr. Alula Pankhurst
, after Ras Alula.

References

  1. ^ Shinn, p. 25
  2. ISBN 1-56902-029-9
  3. ^ Augustus B. Wylde, Modern Abyssinia (London: Methuen, 1901), p. 29
  4. ^ Haggai Erlich, Ras Alula and the Scramble for Africa: A Political Biography: Ethiopia & Eritrea 1875–1897 (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1996), p. 5 Erlich states the year of his birth as 1847.
  5. ^ Erlich, Ras Alula, p. 9
  6. ^ Erlich, Ras Alula, p. 13
  7. ^ Wylde, Modern Abyssinia, pp. 35ff
  8. ^ Araia, Ghelawdewos. "Ras Alula Abba Nega: An Ethiopian and African Hero" (PDF). africanidea.org.
  9. ^ "An unofficial mission to Abyssinia", Manchester Guardian, 17 May 1897; quoted in Erlich, Ras Alula, p. 74
  10. ^ Erlich, Ras Alula, pp. 105f
  11. ISBN 0-312-22719-1
  12. ^ Wylde, Modern Abyssinia, p. 204
  13. ^ Wylde, Modern Abyssinia, pp. 209f
  14. ^ Erlich, Ras Alula and the Scramble for Africa, p 193
  15. ^ Erlich, Ras Alula, p. 196

Further reading

External links


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