Replacement player

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In

athlete who is not a member of the league's players association and plays during a labor dispute such as a strike or lockout, serving as a strikebreaker
.

Replacements related to strikes are mostly a North American phenomenon, since players in many other countries do not have league-wide collective salary bargaining (instead bargaining only with the club they're contracted to, and most commonly on an individual basis). A strike did however happen in the 2011–12 La Liga season in Spain, but no replacement teams were set up.

Elsewhere, replacement teams can occasionally happen through, among other things,

aviation accidents
.

Instances of replacement players

National Football League – 1987

The National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) went on strike in 1987, and the owners brought in replacement players to continue the season. After three weeks, many of the players on strike returned, weakening the union's position.[1]

Major League Baseball – 1995

Further information: List of Major League Baseball replacement players

In 1994, the

blacklisted
by the MLBPA.

United States men's national soccer team – 2005

In 2005, a labor conflict between the

United Soccer Leagues.[3] The two sides came to an agreement before any matches were played.[4]

Toronto Triumph – 2011

Twenty of the 26 players on the

Krista Ford
—quit the team after its first game in 2011, citing numerous complaints, including injury concerns, incompetent coaching, and league management. The mass exodus left only starting quarterback Donna Paul and five other players still on the team. The Triumph added 10 replacement players to their roster to finish out the season.

Arena Football League – 2012

The Arena Football League Players Union voted to go on strike on March 9, 2012, the same day as they were scheduled to begin the 2012 season. However, the strike only lasted for six hours and only affected the season opener between the Pittsburgh Power and Orlando Predators. For that game, about 20 of the 25 players were replacement players, but some regulars returned in the game during the second quarter. The regular players returned for the rest of the 2012 season.

Norway national football team – 2020

During the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League B while preparing for 2 away matches against Romania and Austria, the Norway member Omar Elabdellaoui tested positive for COVID-19 on 13 November 2020.[5] Under Norwegian government rules at the time, this meant the entire squad he had been practicing with were banned from travelling to other countries while in quarantine.

Norway had to forfeit their match against Romania 2 days later, but hastily set up a replacement squad (known locally as Nødlandslaget at the time) with an entirely different squad where every single player and coach had been replaced in time for the match against Austria on 18 November 2020,

injury time. They missed out on a win that would've seen them promoted to the 2022–23 UEFA Nations League A, but were nevertheless applauded for their effort back in Norway.[7]

Replacement officials

Though not technically players, professional officials have associations very similar to players associations.

National Hockey League – 1993

The National Hockey League Officials Association struck in 1993. The league decided to bring in replacement officials, however many officials from the minor leagues and high-level junior hockey stood with the union and refused to break the picket line. This led to the resolution of the strike after 17 days.[8]

Major League Baseball – 1999

In 1999, 22 Major League Baseball umpires resigned since their collective bargaining agreement with the Major League Umpires Association did not allow them to strike. The 12 umpires who decided not to resign were joined by 25 replacements. The umpires' posturing was unsuccessful and led to a lengthy legal battle. In the end, some – but not all – of the umpires who resigned were rehired, the Major League Umpires Association was decertified and a replacement union, the World Umpires Association (now the Major League Baseball Umpires Association), was created to represent the umpires.[9][10][11]

National Football League

2001

Before the

Arena Football League
were brought in to officiate games. Much to the surprise of the league, many fans found the replacement officials to be better than the ones who were doing the officiating in the first place, but after four weeks, an agreement was reached and the original officials returned to the field.

2012

Main article: 2012 NFL referee lockout

In June 2012, the NFL referees association's collective bargaining agreement expired, resulting in the original officials being locked out. As a result, the league announced that replacement officials from the NCAA, the Arena Football League, and the

September 2012 Monday Night Football game ended in controversy after a crucial end-of-game Hail Mary pass
was awarded to the wrong team, thus directly altering the outcome of the game. The NFL refused to overturn the erroneous call but intensified their efforts to reach a deal with the union.

The two sides came to an agreement on September 26, 2012. The NFLRA officials officiated the Thursday night game the next day.

Auto racing

NASCAR

At the 1969

pony cars") to run a race for the fans, most notably Richard Childress, who later won eleven NASCAR national titles as an owner. Bobby Isaac won the pole position, and Richard Brickhouse won the race, his only career victory.[12]

IndyCar

During the first open wheel "Split" between USAC and CART, the 1981 Pocono 500 was boycotted by most of the CART-based entries. USAC responded by filling out the field with Silver Crown cars. A rag-tag field of Indy cars and converted dirt-track cars ran a two-class race. Rain halted the race shortly after the halfway point, and the race was ended early.[13] Among the filler drivers were Jack Hewitt and Larry Rice. The Silver Crown cars ran about 50 mph slower than the Indy cars, and when the race was called at lap 122 (of 200), the highest-running Silver Crown car was 18 laps down in 11th place. It would be USAC's final Indy car race outside of the Indianapolis 500.

bronco riding champion), Joe Gosek (supermodifieds), as well as Johnny Parsons and Danny Ongais; both of whom had not driven in the race since 1986
.

See also

References

  1. ^ Conrad, Mark (March 29, 2000). "NFL Players Seek Alliance With Game Officials". New York: Sportslaw News. Archived from the original on April 22, 2003. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  2. ^ "Replacement Players". Major Leagues Baseball Almanac. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  3. ^ "U.S. replacement soccer players shall remain nameless". Chicago Tribune. AP. January 18, 2005. p. 4-2. Retrieved October 2, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
  4. ^ Delgado, Joey (January 22, 2005). "Soccer Notebook: World Cup update". The Salinas Californian. p. 18. Retrieved October 2, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
  5. ^ "Én spiller på Norges A-landslag i fotball har testet positivt på korona" (in Norwegian Bokmål). Dagsavisen. 13 November 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  6. ^ "Debuterer med nødlandslaget: – En spinnvill situasjon" (in Norwegian Bokmål). NRK. 15 November 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  7. ^ "Slik hylles nødlandslaget: – Dette er så vakkert" (in Norwegian Bokmål). NRK. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  8. ^ "About NHLOA". National Hockey League Officials Association. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  9. ^ Lasky, Matthew J. (August 1999). "Major League Umpires Blow Call". Fmew.com. Archived from the original on 2002-12-27. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  10. ^ "Six more will split $2.3M in severance pay". MLB. New York: ESPN. Associated Press. 2004-12-24. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  11. ^ [1] Archived March 6, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Boycotted race in '69 led to surprise winner, changes
  13. ^ "1981 Pocono 500 Photo Page". Archived from the original on 2012-09-19. Retrieved 2012-01-31.
  14. ISBN 0-915088-78-9
    .
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