Retrogaming
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Retrogaming, also known as classic gaming and old school gaming, is the playing and collection of obsolete
Retrogaming has existed since the early years of the video game industry, and was popularized with the Internet and emulation technology.[1] It is argued that the main reasons players are drawn to retrogames are nostalgia for different eras,[2] the idea that older games are more innovative and original,[2] and the simplicity of the games.
Retrogaming and retrocomputing have been described as preservation activity and as aspects of the remix culture.[3]
Games
The distinction between retro and modern is heavily debated, but it usually coincides with either the shift from 2D to 3D games (making the fourth the last retro generation, and the fifth the first modern), the turn of the millennium and the increase in online gaming (making the fifth the last retro generation, and the sixth the first modern), or the switch from analog to digital for audiovisual output and from 4:3 to 16:9 aspect ratio (making the sixth the last retro generation, and the seventh the first modern). They can be played on original hardware or in modern emulation.
Retrogaming methods
With increasing nostalgia and success of retro compilations in the fifth, sixth, and seventh generations of consoles, retrogaming has become a
This concept, known as deliberate retro
Vintage retrogaming
Vintage retrogaming can involve collecting original cartridge and disc media
Retrogaming emulation
Retrogaming may involve older game systems being emulated on modern hardware. It bypasses the need to collect older consoles and original games. Read-only memory (ROM) files are copied by third parties, directly from the original media. They are then typically put online through file sharing sites.[8] They are often sold as re-releases, typically in compilations containing multiple games running on emulation software.[13] The accessibility of emulation popularized and expanded on retrogaming.[14]
Ported retrogaming
Ported retrogaming involves original games being converted to native on new systems, just as emulation but without original ROM files.[8] Ported games are available through official collections, console-based downloads, and plug and play systems.[14] Ported retrogaming is comparatively rare, since emulation is a much easier and more accurate method.
Remakes
Modern retrogaming may be more broadly applied to retro-style designs and reimaginings with more modern graphics. These enhanced
When remakes are created by an individual or a group of enthusiasts without commercial motivation, such games sometimes are also called
The nostalgia-based revival of past game styles has also been accompanied by the development of the modern
Re-releases
With the new possibility of the
A digital distributor specialized in bringing older games out of abandonware is GOG.com (formerly called Good Old Games) who started 2008 to search for copyright holders of older games to re-release them legally and DRM-free.[17] Other companies have also been established to rerelease retro games, including Limited Run Games and iam8bit.[18]
Online platforms for older video game re-releases include Nintendo's Virtual Console and Sony's PlayStation Network.
Mobile application developers have been purchasing the rights and licensing to re-release older arcade games on iOS and Android operating systems. Some publishers are creating spinoffs to their older games, keeping the core gameplay while adding new features, levels, and styles of play.
Plug-and-play systems
Retrogaming community
The retrogaming market is active with online and physical spaces where retrogames are discussed, collected, and played.[14]
Online
Several websites and online forums are devoted to retrogaming. The content on these online platforms typically includes reviews of older games, interviews with developers, fan-made content, game walkthroughs, and message boards for discussions.
Fighting games
The competitive Fighting game community comes from arcades, such as Street Fighter and Mortal Kombat.[19] Some fighting games have continued to receive arcade releases after the end of the arcade era.[20] Face-to-face competition of Super Street Fighter II Turbo has been featured in the Evolution Championship Series.[21]
Exhibitions
Events typically include vendors, gameplay, tournaments, costumes, and live music. The Classic Tetris World Championship has been streamed online to millions of views and recaps have been broadcast on ESPN2.[22]
Museums
Retrogaming is recognized by
Legal issues
An exemption in the United States'
Emulators are typically created by third parties, and the software they run is often taken directly from the original games and put online for free download.[8] While it is completely legal for anyone to create an emulator for any hardware, unauthorized distribution of the code for a retro game is an infringement of the game's copyright.[29] Some companies have made public statements, such as Nintendo, stating that "the introduction of emulators created to play illegally copied Nintendo software represents the greatest threat to date in the intellectual property rights of video game developers".[30] However, video game developers and publishers typically ignore emulation.[8] One reason for this is that at any given time, most of the games illegally distributed for emulation are not presently being sold by the company which owns the game, and so the financial damages in a successful lawsuit would likely be negligible.[29]
Copyright infringement cases
Nintendo of America Inc. v. Tropic Haze LLC, No.
Nintendo filed a lawsuit in 2024 against Tropic Haze, claiming Yuzu, Tropic Haze's emulator, infringed copyright by reverse engineering Nintendo's hardware. The settlement included Tropic Haze paying $2.4 million and halting their emulator projects.[31][32][33]
Nintendo of America Incorporated v. Mathias Designs LLC.
Nintendo sued the owner of LoveROMs.com and LoveRETRO.co in 2018 for hosting copyrighted game files and facilitating piracy. The court awarded Nintendo $12,230,000 in damages, leading to the shutdown of the sites.[34][35][36]
Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. v. Connectix Corp.
In 1999, Sony sued Connectix, the court issued a preliminary injunction against Connectix for copyright infringement on their Virtual Game Station, an emulator enabling PC users to play PlayStation games, violating Sony's BIOS copyright.[37][38][39]
Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc.
Sega Enterprises sued Accolade in 1992 for reverse engineering Sega's technology to develop compatible games for the Sega Genesis console. The court sided with Accolade, supporting certain reverse engineering efforts for compatibility.[37][40]
Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc.
In 1992, Lewis Galoob Toys was sued by Nintendo over the Game Genie, a device allowing game modifications for personal use. The 9th District Court of Appeals ruled in favor of Lewis Galoob Toys, stating such modifications did not infringe copyright, permitting the continued sale of the Game Genie.[37][41]
See also
- Video game collecting
- List of retro style video game consoles
- History of arcade video games
- History of mobile games
- History of video game consoles
- Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers
- MAME, multi-system emulator
- Old School Revival
- Retrocomputing
References
- ^ Heineman, David S. (January 22, 2014). "Public Memory and Gamer Identity: Retrogaming as Nostalgia". Journal of Games Criticism. Vol. 1, no. 1. pp. 1–24. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
- ^ Imagine Media. April 1997. pp. 36–45.
- hdl:2142/38392. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 13, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2016.)
This paper looks at the world of retrocomputing, a constellation of largely non-professional practices involving past computing technology. Retrocomputing includes many activities that can be seen as constituting 'preservation.' At the same time, it is often transformative, producing assemblages that 'remix' fragments from the past with newer elements or joining together historic components that were never combined before. While such 'remix' may seem to undermine preservation, it allows for fragments of computing history to be reintegrated into a living, ongoing practice, contributing to preservation in a broader sense. The seemingly unorganized nature of retrocomputing assemblages also provides space for alternative 'situated knowledges' and histories of computing, which can sometimes be quite sophisticated. Recognizing such alternative epistemologies paves the way for alternative approaches to preservation.
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- ^ "Crippled by Nostalgia: The Fraud of Retro Gaming". Eurogamer. September 12, 2012. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
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- ^ "The Rarest and Most Valuable Super Nintendo (SNES) Games". February 21, 2018. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
- ^ Imagine Media. April 1997. pp. 44–45.
- ^ Heubl, Ben (May 12, 2020). "Retro-gaming boom during lockdown". Institution of Engineering and Technology. Archived from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
- Imagine Media. April 1997. pp. 40–41.
- ^ a b c d Heineman, David S. (January 22, 2014). "Public Memory and Gamer Identity: Retrogaming as Nostalgia". Journal of Games Criticism. Vol. 1, no. 1. pp. 1–24. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
- ^ Knight, Jason. "Paku Paku – A game for early PC/MS-DOS Computers". deathshadow.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
- Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
The worst days [for game development] were the cartridge days for the NES. It was a huge risk – you had all this money tied up in silicon in a warehouse somewhere, and so you'd be conservative in the decisions you felt you could make, very conservative in the IPs you signed, your art direction would not change, and so on. Now it's the opposite extreme: we can put something up on Steam, deliver it to people all around the world, make changes. We can take more interesting risks.... Retail doesn't know how to deal with those games. On Steam [a digital distributor] there's no shelf-space restriction. It's great because they're a bunch of old, orphaned games.
- ^ Caron, Frank (September 9, 2008). "First look: GOG revives classic PC games for download age". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 20, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
... [Good Old Games] focuses on bringing old, time-tested games into the downloadable era with low prices and no DRM.
- GamesRadar. Archivedfrom the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
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- ^ Walker, Ian. "Evo 2015 Super Street Fighter II Turbo Side Tournaments Unveiled, Registration Now Live". Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
- ^ "Organize This - Talking Tetris Champs With Vincent Clemente". www.twingalaxies.com. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
- ^ "RetroGames e.V. | Erhalt und Pflege der Videospielkultur in Deutschland". www.retrogames.info (in German). Retrieved December 16, 2023.
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- ^ Antonelli, Paola (November 29, 2012). "Video Games: 14 in the Collection, for Starters". Inside / Out. A MoMA/MoMA PS1 Blog. Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
- ^ Orphanides, K. G. (October 28, 2015). "Explained: new US copyright exclusions for abandoned games". Wired UK. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
- ^ Cobbett, Richard (May 10, 2015). "Why it shouldn't be left to pirates to keep our games alive". TechRadar. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
- ^ Imagine Media. April 1997. pp. 42–43.
- ^ "| Nintendo – Corporate Information | Legal Information (Copyrights, Emulators, ROMs, etc.)". www.nintendo.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
- ^ Lyles, Taylor (March 4, 2024). "Yuzu Creators Will Pay Nintendo $2.4 Million in Damages and End Development of Switch Emulator". IGN. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
- ^ "Makers of Switch emulator Yuzu quickly settle with Nintendo for $2.4 million". Yahoo Finance. March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
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- ^ Zwiezen, Z. (2021, August 14). Nintendo orders ROM site to 'Destroy' all its games, or else. Kotaku. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved from https://www.kotaku.com.
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- ^ "Nintendo Suing Pirate Websites For Millions". Kotaku. July 23, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
- ^ a b c Lee, C. A. (2022). Video game modding in the U.S. intellectual property law: Controversial issues and gaps. Digital Law Journal, 3(4), 8-31.
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External links
- Collecting arcade games at Curlie
- Classic console platforms at Curlie