Rhenanida

Rhenanida Temporal range: Emsian - Upper Frasnian
Gemuendina stuertzi
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	†Placodermi
Order:	†Rhenanida Broili, 1930
Genera
†?Ohioaspis †Asterosteus †Nefudina †Gemuendina †Jagorina †Bolivosteus

Rhenanida ("Rhine (fish)") is an order of scaly placoderms. Unlike most other placoderms, the rhenanids' armor was made up of a mosaic of unfused scales and tubercles. The patterns and components of this "mosaic" correspond to the plates of armor in other, more advanced placoderms, suggesting that the ancestral placoderm had armor made of unfused components, as well.

All rhenanids were flattened,

that lived in marine environments.

Evolution

The rhenanids were once presumed to be the most primitive, or at least the closest to the ancestral placoderm, as their armor was made up of a mosaic of tubercles, as opposed to the solidified plates of "advanced" placoderms, such as

]

Presence in the fossil record

The fossil record of Rhenanida is very sparse, with most fossils being isolated tubercles and skull fragments that are identified as being similar to

Jagorina pandora

is known from Upper Devonian Germany.

Taxonomy

There are five recognized species of rhenanids, in five genera, Asterosteus stenocephalus, Nefudina qalibahensis, Gemuendina stuertzi, Jagorina pandora, and Bolivosteus chacomensis. They are all placed within the family Asterosteidae, erected by Woodward in 1891: other families attributed to Rhenanida, i.e., Gemuendinidae and Jagorinidae, are considered synonyms.^[1]

A sixth genus, Ohioaspis, is of questionable status, as the first specimens were ichthyoliths that were originally described as being tubercles from a new species of Asterosteus. Later examinations of these tubercles have led to the formation of two camps of experts, one of which that believe the three recognized species of Ohioaspis were rhenanids, while the other suggests that they were actually some sort of ostracoderm agnathans.

References

• Paleos Rhenanida
• Janvier, Philippe. Early Vertebrates Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  ISBN 0-19-854047-7
• Long, John A. The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
  ISBN 0-8018-5438-5
• Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Placodermi entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 2011-05-20.