Rivers of New Zealand
The rivers of New Zealand are used for a variety of purposes and face a number of environmental issues. In the North Island's hill country they are deep, fast flowing and most are unnavigable. Many in the South Island are braided rivers. The navigable ones were used for mass transport in the country's early history.
Statistics
The longest river in New Zealand is the
Some of the rivers, especially those with wide flood plains and stop banks, have long road bridges spanning them. The Rakaia River is crossed by Rakaia Bridge, the longest bridge in New Zealand at 1,757 m (5,764 ft). The third longest bridge is the Whirokino Trestle Bridge on State Highway 1 crossing the Manawatū River.[3]
Over 180,000 km (110,000 mi) of rivers have been mapped in New Zealand.[4]
Uses
Before colonisation, Māori frequently used the navigable rivers (waterways) for transportation. Waka (canoes) made of hollowed-out logs were the main mode of navigating rivers.[5] During the early European settler years, coastal shipping was one of the main methods of transportation.[6] There are 1,609 km (1,000 mi) of navigable inland waterways which are no longer significant transport routes.[citation needed]
Rivers are used for commercial tourism and recreation activities such as rafting, canoeing, kayaking and jet-boating.
Over half of the electricity generated in New Zealand is hydroelectric power.[7] Hydroelectric power stations have been constructed on many rivers, some of which dam the river completely while others channel a portion of the water through the power station. Some of the large hydroelectric power schemes in both North Island and South Island use a system of canals to move water between catchments in order to maximise electricity generation.
Conservation and pollution
River conservation is threatened by pollution inflows from
There is a high level of pollution in lowland rivers and streams that flow through urban or pastoral farming areas.[8]
A report
See also
- Water in New Zealand
- Environment of New Zealand
- Water conservation orders in New Zealand
- Lakes of New Zealand
- Bridges in New Zealand
- New Zealand Hydrological Society
References
- ^ Murray, D. L. (1975). "Regional hydrology of the Clutha River". Journal of Hydrology (N.Z.). 14 (2): 85–98.
- ^ "Gisborne Region Environmental Reporting". Land, Air, Water Aotearoa (LAWA). Retrieved 24 May 2022.
- ^ "FAQs". Transit New Zealand. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-478-18451-8. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
- ^ Young, David (24 September 2007). "Rivers – Māori and rivers". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ New Zealand's Burning: Overview of coastal shipping 1885 – Arnold, Rollo, Victoria Press, Victoria University of Wellington, 1994
- .
- .
- ^ East Harbour Management Services (January 2004). "Identification of Potential Hydroelectric Resources". Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, Government of New Zealand. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
Further reading
- Knight, Catherine (2016). New Zealand's Rivers: An Environmental History. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press. ISBN 978-1-927145-76-0.
- Mosley, M Paul, ed. (1992). Waters of New Zealand. Wellington: ISBN 0-473-01667-2.
- Egarr, Graham; Jan Egarr; John Mackay. 64 New Zealand rivers: a scenic evaluation. Auckland: New Zealand Canoeing Association.
- Collier, K.J.; Clapcott, J.E.; Young, R.G. (August 2009). Influence of Human Pressures on Large River Structure and Function (PDF). CBER Contract Report 95. Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology Research.
External links
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research – National Centre for Water Resources
- Wild Rivers – a campaign to protect rivers
- Whitewater NZ (formerly New Zealand Recreational Canoeing Association)
- Ministry for the Environment – water information page
- League table of the suitability of New Zealand rivers for contact recreation from NIWA