Romanesque Revival architecture
Romanesque Revival (or Neo-Romanesque) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century[1] inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture. Unlike the historic Romanesque style, Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts.
An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ("Round-arched style") was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s.[2] By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free "Romanesque" manner was Henry Hobson Richardson. In the United States, the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque, of which not all are Romanesque Revival.[3]
Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the "
The Romanesque Revival or Norman Revival in Great Britain
The development of the Norman revival style took place over a long time in the British Isles, starting with
At this point, the Norman Revival became a recognisable architectural style. In 1817, Thomas Rickman published his An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest To the Reformation. It was now realised that 'round-arch architecture' was largely Romanesque in the British Isles and came to be described as Norman rather than Saxon.[6] The start of an "archaeologically correct" Norman Revival can be recognised in the architecture of Thomas Hopper. His first attempt at this style was at Gosford Castle in Armagh in Ireland, but far more successful was his Penrhyn Castle near Bangor in North Wales. This was built for the Pennant family, between 1820 and 1837. The style did not catch on for domestic buildings, though many country houses and mock castles were built in the Castle Gothic or Castellated style during the Victorian period, which was a mixed Gothic style.[7]
However, the Norman Revival did catch on for church architecture.
The Romanesque adopted by Penson contrasts with the Italianate Romanesque of other architects such as
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Gosford Castle, Armagh by Thomas Hopper
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Penrhyn Castle, by Thomas Hopper, 1820–1837
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Church of St Agatha, Llanymynech, Romanesque Tower by Thomas Penson
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Mint Street Baptist Church, Lincoln, 1870
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St Mary and St Nicholas Church, Wilton, Wiltshire
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Russian Patriarchal Orthodox cathedral Kensington London 1848–49 and 1891–92
Canada
Two of Canada's provincial legislatures, the Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto and the British Columbia Parliament Buildings in Victoria, are Romanesque Revival in style.
University College, one of seven colleges at the University of Toronto, is an example of the Romanesque Revival style.[12] Construction of the final design began on 4 October 1856.[13]
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University College,Toronto, Ontario
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Holy Rosary Roman Catholic Cathedral, Regina, Saskatchewan
Sweden
The Vasa Church in Gothenburg, Sweden, is another prime example of the Neo-Romanesque style of architecture.
United States
The Church of the Pilgrims—now the
Soon after, the
The most celebrated "Romanesque Revival" architect of the late 19th century was H. H. Richardson, whose mature style was so individual that it is known as "Richardsonian Romanesque". Among his most prominent buildings are Trinity Church (Boston) and Sever Hall and Austin Hall at Harvard University.
His disciple, R.H. Robertson, designed in a similar style. Robertson is responsible for the construction of Pequot Library, Shelburne Farms, the New York Savings Bank, and Jackie Kennedy's childhood home Hammersmith Farm.[20]
Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception
The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception is a large Catholic minor basilica and national shrine located in Washington, D.C., United States of America.
The shrine is the largest Catholic church in North America, one of the largest churches in the world,
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Main building, Illinois Institute of Technology
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Bomberger Hall, Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, built in 1891
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Barge Hall,Ellensburg
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Basilica of St. Adalbert, Grand Rapids, Michigan, completed in 1913
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Washington D.C.
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Scottish Rite Cathedral, Long Beach, California, built in 1926
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Pequot Library, Southport, Connecticut, completed in 1894
Gallery
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Georgi Rakovski Military Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Fisherman's Bastion, Budapest, Hungary
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Chapel, Vajdahunyad Castle, Budapest, Hungary
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Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Katarina, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Manila Cathedral, Philippines
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Preston School of Industry, Ione, California
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St. Joseph Church, Hammond, Indiana
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Đakovo Cathedral, Croatia
See also
- Alexander Brown House, Syracuse, New York
- Gothic Revival architecture
- Museum of Early Trades and Crafts
- Romanesque Revival architecture in the United Kingdom
- Richardsonian Romanesque
- Rundbogenstil
- Venetian Gothic
References
- ^ Whiffen, Marcus. American Architecture Since 1780: A guide to the styles. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1969, 61.
- ^ Fleming, John, Hugh Honour and Nikolaus Pevsner. The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1983.
- ^ Wilson, Richard Guy. Buildings of Virginia: Tidewater and Piedmont, Oxford University Press, 2002, 524–525.
- OCLC 13860977.
- Mowl, Timothy(1981), The Norman Revival in British Architecture 1790–1870. PhD, Thesis, Oxford University.
- ^ This distinction was finally recognised when Rickman's article in the Archaeologia (1837), published by the Society of Antiquaries.
- Mowl, Timothy(1991) Penrhryn and the Norman Revival in "National Trust Guide", Penrhryn Castle, Gwynedd. pp.89–90.
- ^ Stratton T The Terracotta Revival: Building Innovation and the Industrial City in Britain and Northern America Gollancz, London 1993, p. 13.
- ^ Hubbard E., The Buildings of Wales: Clwyd, Penguin/ Yale 1986, 264
- ^ "Wiltshire Community History". Wiltshire Council. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ Antram N (revised), Pevsner N & Harris J, (1989), The Buildings of England: Lincolnshire, Yale University Press. pp. 521–22.
- ^ Jones, Donald. "Building University College Tested John Langton's Skill." Toronto Star, 1 October 1983: G20.
- ^ Richards, Larry. The Campus Guide: University of Toronto. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2009, 45.
- ^ Marrone, Francis. An Architectural Guidebook to Brooklyn. Layton, UT: Gibb Smith, 2011, 136–37.
- ^ a b Poppeliers, John C. and S. Allen Chambers, Jr. What Style Is It?: A Guide to American Architecture. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003, 54–6.
- ^ Owen, Robert Dale. Hints on Public Architecture. New York: George P. Putnam, 1849.
- ^ Meeks, Carroll L.V. "Romanesque Before Richardson in the United States." The Art Bulletin 23, no. 1 (1953): 17–33.
- ^ Steege, Gwen W. "The 'Book of Plans' and the Early Romanesque Revival in the United States: A Study in Architectural Patronage." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 46, no. 3 (1987): 215–27.
- ^ 1990 Application for Historic District status for the Hohman Ave. commercial district, Hammond, Indiana, by Kurt West Garner
- from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
- ^ "20 Largest Churches in the World". Wander. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
- ^ "Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception". National Shrine. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009.
- ^ "The National Shrine". SkyscraperPage.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ The Washington Monument is a taller structure, (though it stands at a lower elevation) but is not a habitable building.
- ^ Samber, Sharon (9 December 2017). "After a century, the largest Catholic church in North America is finally complete". USA Today. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^ "Metz : quand Guillaume II défilait jusqu'au Temple neuf". Le Républicain Lorrain (in French). 22 January 2018. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2019.