Rus'–Byzantine War (907)

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Siege of Constantinople by the Rus
Part of Rus'-Byzantine Wars
Oleg leads a squadron of horse-driven boats to the walls of Tsargrad. A medieval Rus' illumination.
Location Constantinople Result Rus' victory
Belligerents
Byzantine Empire	Rus'
Commanders and leaders
Leo the Wise	Oleg of Novgorod
Strength
unknown	80,000 men[a] 2,000 ships

According to the Primary Chronicle, the fleet of Rus' under Oleg the Wise carried out a military strike against Byzantium in 907, landing a huge army in Thrace and beginning to plunder it, following which the Byzantines offered peace to the Rus'.

The chronicle describes the raid of 907 in considerable detail. The memory of the campaign seems to have been transmitted orally among several generations of the Rus'. This may account for the abundance of colorful details that belong to folklore rather than to history.

According to the chronicle, Igor was left in

with his new wife Olga while Oleg assembled a host of a variety of ethnic groups: Varangians, Slavs, Chuds, Krivichians, Merians, Polyanians, Severians, Derevlians, Radimichians, Croats, Dulebians, and Tivercians. The chronicle describes these groups as pagan, and the "Greeks" (that is Byzantines) referred to these tribes as "Great Scythia".

We are told that, at first, Byzantine envoys attempted to poison Oleg before he could approach Constantinople. The Rus' leader, renowned for his oracular powers, refused to drink from the poisoned cup. When his navy was within sight of Constantinople, he found the city gate closed and the entry into the Golden Horn barred with iron chains.

At this point, Oleg resorted to subterfuge: he effected a landing on the shore and had some 2,000 dugout boats (

) equipped with wheels. After his boats were thus transformed into vehicles, he led them to the walls of Constantinople and fixed his shield to the gates of the Imperial capital.

The threat to Constantinople was ultimately relieved by peace negotiations which bore fruit in the

for each Rus' boat.

Interpretations

That Oleg's campaign is not fiction is clear from the authentic text of

.

Despite recurrent military conflicts, the relations between the Rus' and Byzantium seem to have been predominantly peaceful. The

. Historians infer from his account that the Byzantines were able to manipulate the Rus' of Oleg's time for their own political ends.

Furthermore, substantial contingents of the Rus' joined the imperial service and took part in the Byzantine naval expeditions throughout the 10th century. A squadron of 700 Rus' mercenaries participated in the Crete expedition of 902. A unit of 415 Varangians was involved in the Italian expedition of 936. Thirteen years later, in 949, Rus' troops sailed on nine vessels to accompany the Greeks in their expedition against the Emirate of Crete.

• Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (911)

• Andrey Nikolayevich Sakharov
  . Дипломатия древней Руси: IX – первая половина X в. Moscow, 1980.
• Analysis of Nestor's account of the expedition on www.textology.ru.