SPICE
Original author(s) | Laurence Nagel |
---|---|
Initial release | 1973 |
Written in | Fortran |
Type | Electronic circuit simulation |
License | Public-domain software |
Website |
Initial release | 1975 |
---|---|
Stable release | 2G.6
/ 1983 |
Written in | Fortran |
Type | Electronic circuit simulation |
License | BSD 3 Clause |
Website |
Original author(s) | Thomas Quarles |
---|---|
Initial release | 1989 |
Stable release | 3f.5
/ July 1993 |
Written in | C |
Type | Electronic circuit simulation |
License | BSD license (modified 2 clauses) |
Website | Archived webpage |
SPICE ("Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis")[1][2] is a general-purpose, open-source analog electronic circuit simulator. It is a program used in integrated circuit and board-level design to check the integrity of circuit designs and to predict circuit behavior.
Introduction
Unlike board-level designs composed of discrete parts, it is not practical to breadboard integrated circuits before manufacture. Further, the high costs of photolithographic masks and other manufacturing prerequisites make it essential to design the circuit to be as close to perfect as possible before the integrated circuit is first built.
Simulating the circuit with SPICE is the industry-standard way to verify circuit operation at the transistor level before committing to manufacturing an integrated circuit. The SPICE simulators help to predict the behavior of the IC under different operating conditions, such as different voltage and current levels, temperature variations, and noise.[3]
Board-level circuit designs can often be breadboarded for testing. Even with a breadboard, some circuit properties may not be accurate compared to the final printed wiring board, such as parasitic resistances and capacitances, whose effects can often be estimated more accurately using simulation. Also, designers may want more information about the circuit than is available from a single mock-up. For instance, circuit performance is affected by component manufacturing tolerances. In these cases it is common to use SPICE to perform Monte Carlo simulations of the effect of component variations on performance, a task which is impractical using calculations by hand for a circuit of any appreciable complexity.
Circuit simulation programs, of which SPICE and derivatives are the most prominent, take a text
Origins
SPICE was developed at the Electronics Research Laboratory of the
SPICE1 was first presented at a conference in 1973.
As an early
The birth of SPICE was named an
Successors
Open-source successors
No newer versions of Berkeley SPICE have been released after version 3f5 in 1993.
Commercial versions and spinoffs
Berkeley SPICE inspired and served as a basis for many other circuit simulation programs, in academia, in industry, and in commercial products. The first commercial version of SPICE is ISPICE,
Today a few IC manufacturers, typically the larger companies, have groups continuing to develop SPICE-based circuit simulation programs. Among these are ADICE and
Program features and structure
SPICE became popular because it contained the analyses and models needed to design integrated circuits of the time, and was robust enough and fast enough to be practical to use.[32] Precursors to SPICE often had a single purpose: The BIAS[33] program, for example, did simulation of bipolar transistor circuit operating points; the SLIC[34] program did only small-signal analyses. SPICE combined operating point solutions, transient analysis, and various small-signal analyses with the circuit elements and device models needed to successfully simulate many circuits.
Analyses
SPICE2 includes these analyses:
- AC analysis (small-signalfrequency domain analysis)
- DC analysis (nonlinear quiescent pointcalculation)
- DC transfer curve analysis (a sequence of nonlinear operating points calculated while sweeping an input voltage or current, or a circuit parameter)
- Noise analysis (a small signal analysis done using an adjoint matrix technique which sums uncorrelated noise currents at a chosen output point)
- Transfer function analysis (a small-signal input/output gain and impedance calculation)
- Transient analysis (time-domain large-signal solution of nonlinear differential algebraic equations)
Since SPICE is generally used to model circuits with
Other circuit simulators have since added many analyses beyond those in SPICE2 to address changing industry requirements. Parametric sweeps were added to analyze circuit performance with changing manufacturing tolerances or operating conditions. Loop gain and stability calculations were added for analog circuits. Harmonic balance or time-domain steady state analyses were added for RF and switched-capacitor circuit design. However, a public-domain circuit simulator containing the modern analyses and features needed to become a successor in popularity to SPICE has not yet emerged.[32]
It is very important to use appropriate analyses with carefully chosen parameters. For example, application of linear analysis to nonlinear circuits should be justified separately. Also, application of transient analysis with default simulation parameters can lead to qualitatively wrong conclusions on circuit dynamics.[35]
Device models
SPICE2 includes many semiconductor device
SPICE3 added more sophisticated MOSFET models, which were required due to advances in semiconductor technology. In particular, the BSIM family of models were added, which were also developed at UC Berkeley.
Commercial and industrial SPICE simulators have added many other device models as technology advanced and earlier models became inadequate. To attempt standardization of these models so that a set of model parameters may be used in different simulators, an industry working group was formed, the
Spice can use device models from foundry PDKs.
Input and output: Netlists, schematic capture and plotting
SPICE2 takes a text
Vendors and various free software projects have added
SPICE usage beyond electronic simulation
As SPICE generally solves non-linear differential algebraic equations, it may be applied to simulating beyond the electrical realm.
Most prominent are thermal simulations, as thermal systems may be described by lumped circuit elements mapping onto the electronic SPICE elements (heat capacity → capacitance, thermal conductance/resistance → conductance/resistance, temperature → voltage, heat flow or heat generated → current [37]). As thermal and electronic systems are closely linked by power dissipation and cooling systems, electro-thermal simulation today is supported by semiconductor device manufacturers offering (transistor) models with both electrical and thermal nodes.[38] So one may obtain electrical power dissipation, resulting in self-heating causing parameter variations, and cooling system efficiency in a single simulation run.
SPICE may very well simulate the electronics part of a motor drive. However it will equally well describe the electro-mechanical model of the motor. Again this is achieved by mapping mechanical onto the electrical elements (torque → voltage, angular velocity → current, coefficient of viscous friction → resistance, moment of inertia → inductance).[39] So again the final model consists of only SPICE compatible lumped circuit elements, but one gains mechanical together with electrical data during simulation.[40]
Electromagnetic modeling is accessible to a SPICE simulator via the PEEC (partial element equivalent circuit) method.[41] Maxwell's equations have been mapped, RLC, Skin effect, dielectric or magnetic materials and incident or radiated fields have been modelled.
However, as of 2019, SPICE cannot be used to "simulate photonics and electronics together in a photonic circuit simulator",[42] and thus it is not yet considered as a test simulator for photonic integrated circuits.
Micro-fluidic circuits have been modelled with SPICE[43] by creating a pneumatic FET.
SPICE has been applied to model the interface between biological and electronic systems, e.g. as a design tools for synthetic biology and for the virtual prototyping of biosensors and lab-on-chip.[44]
SPICE has been applied in operations research to evaluate perturbed supply chains.[45]
See also
- Comparison of EDA software
- List of free electronics circuit simulators
- Input/output Buffer Information Specification (IBIS)
- SPICE OPUS
- Transistor model
References
- ^ a b Nagel, Laurence W.; Pederson, D. O (April 1973). SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) (Technical report). University of California, Berkeley. UCB/ERL M382.
- ^ a b Nagel, Laurence W. (May 1975). SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits (Technical report). University of California, Berkeley. UCB/ERL M520.
- ^ BTV SPICE Simulators. Retrieved January 2, 2023
- ^ Warwick, Colin (May 2009). "Everything you always wanted to know about SPICE* (*But were afraid to ask)" (PDF). EMC Journal (82): 27–29.
- .
- ^ Life of SPICE Archived February 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- S2CID 51633338.
- ^ Vladimirescu, Andrei (1994). The SPICE Book. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- .
- ^ "Recollections of the "The Father of SPICE" Larry Nagel". ltwiki.org. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
- ^ Nagel, Laurence W. "The Origins of SPICE". omega-enterprises.net. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
- ^ Pederson, D.O. January 1984. "A Historical Review of Circuit Simulation." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol pp103-111.
- ^ Quarles, Thomas L., Analysis of Performance and Convergence Issues for Circuit Simulation, Memorandum No. UCB/ERL M89/42, University of California, Berkeley, April 1989.
- ^ history-of-spice Archived October 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine on allaboutcircuits.com. "The origin of SPICE traces back to another circuit simulation program called CANCER. Developed by professor Ronald Rohrer of U.C. Berkeley along with some of his students in the late 1960s, CANCER continued to be improved through the early 1970s. When Rohrer left Berkeley, CANCER was re-written and re-named to SPICE, released as version 1 to the public domain in May of 1972. Version 2 of SPICE was released in 1975 (version 2g6—the version used in this book—is a minor revision of this 1975 release). Instrumental in the decision to release SPICE as a public-domain computer program was professor Donald Pederson of Berkeley, who believed that all significant technical progress happens when information is freely shared. I for one thank him for his vision."
- ^ Pescovitz, David (2002-05-01). "1972: The release of SPICE, still the industry standard tool for integrated circuit design". Lab Notes: Research from the Berkeley College of Engineering. Archived from the original on 2015-07-09. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
- ^ "List of IEEE Milestones". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society, June 2018
- ^ "The Spice Page". University of California at Berkeley. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023.
- S2CID 195705106.
- ^ CODECS: A Mixed-Level Circuit and Device Simulator, K. Mayaram, Memorandum No. UCB/ERL M88/71, Berkeley, 1988, http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1988/ERL-88-71.pdf
- ^ "ngspice, current status and future developments", H. Vogt, FOSDEM, Brussels 2019
- ^ "ngspice - an open source mixed signal circuit simulator". Free Silicon Foundation (F-Si). Retrieved 2019-07-08.
- ^ "WRspice". Whiteley Research. Retrieved 2021-05-07.
- ^ QUCS-S software
- ^ Xyce software, Sandia National Laboratories.
- S2CID 62622975.
- ^ K. S. Kundert, The Designer's Guide to SPICE and Spectre, Kluwer. Academic Publishers, Boston, 1995
- ^ SPICE-Based Analog Simulation Program - TINA-TI - TI Software Folder Archived October 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-0-08-094243-8.
- ISBN 978-0-12-394406-1.
- ^ Iannello, Chris (August 2012). PSPICE Circuit Simulation Overview: Part 1 (Video). Event occurs at 2:39.
- ^ a b Nagel, L., Is it Time for SPICE4? Archived September 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, 2004 Numerical Aspects of Device and Circuit Modeling Workshop, June 23–25, 2004, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Retrieved on 2007-11-10
- .
- .
- S2CID 7140415.
- ^ "CMC - Compact Model Council". GEIA. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011.
- ^ "ngspice tutorial on electro-thermal simulation". Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- ^ M. Maerz; Paul Nance. "Thermal Modeling of Power-electronic Systems" (PDF). Fraunhofer IISB. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- ^ "AB-025: Using SPICE To Model DC Motors". Precision Microdrives. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- ^ Pham and Nathan (1998). "Circuit Modeling and SPICE Simulation of Mixed-Signal Microsystems" (PDF). Sensors and Materials. 10 (7): 435–460.
- ISBN 978-1-11-843664-6.
- hdl:1854/LU-8578535.
- S2CID 24263237.
- PMID 28787027.
- S2CID 235523347.