Samalian language
| Samalian | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Samʼal |
| Extinct | 1st millennium BC |
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
qey.html | |
| Glottolog | sama1317 |
Samalian was a
Samʼal
.
Samalian is primarily known from three inscriptions, the Hadad Statue and the Panamuwa II inscription (KAI 214–215), both unearthed in the late 19th century, and a third known as the Kuttamuwa stele, unearthed in 2008.[1]
Classification
Among the Semitic languages, Samalian shows most similarities to
Linguistic features
Features connecting Samalian with Aramaic include:
- a change *n > r in the word br 'son', though this is attested only as a part of personal names and may not have been the native word. The same phenomenon appears also in a Phoenician text from Sam'al (the Kilamuwa Stela).[5][6]
- loss of *ʔ in the word ḥd (< *ʔḥd) 'one'.[5] This occurs sporadically also in biblical Hebrew and in the Phoenician dialect of Byblos.[6]
- a change *ɬʼ > q, e.g. ʔrq 'earth', known as an orthographic device also in Old Aramaic[5] (in later Aramaic, Proto-Semitic *ɬʼ shifts instead to /ʕ/).
- appearance of n for final m.[5]
Pat-El & Wilson-Wright propose as additional general characteristics of Samalian the development of nasal vowels, as expected word-final n after long vowels is systematically absent in the Panamuwa inscriptions;[7] as well as an object marker wt, cognate with Aramean ləwāt 'with'.[8]
See also
Notes
- ^ Pat-El & Wilson-Wright 2019, p. 372.
- ^ a b Huehnergard 1995, p. 282.
- ^ Pat-El & Wilson-Wright 2019.
- ^ Kogan 2015, p. 601.
- ^ a b c d Huehnergard 1995, p. 278.
- ^ a b Pat-El & Wilson-Wright 2019, p. 374.
- ^ Pat-El & Wilson-Wright 2019, pp. 380–381.
- ^ Pat-El & Wilson-Wright 2019, p. 383.
References
- Huehnergard, John (1995), "What is Aramaic?", ARAM Periodical, 7 (2): 261–282,
- Kogan, Leonid (2015), Genealogical Classification of Semitic, de Gruyter
- Pat-El, Na'ama; Wilson-Wright, Aren (2019), "The subgrouping of Samalian: Arguments in favor of an independent branch", Maarav, 23 (2): 371–387
Further reading
- Dion, Paul-E. (1978). "The Language Spoken in Ancient Samʾal". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 37 (2): 115–18. JSTOR 545138. Accessed 6 July 2023.
- Giusfredi, Federico; Pisaniello, Valerio (2021). "THE POPULATION, THE LANGUAGE AND THE HISTORY OF YADIYA/SAM'AL". In Payne, Annick; Velhartická, Šárka; Wintjes, Jorit (eds.). Beyond All Boundaries: Anatolia in the First Millennium BC. .
- Gzella, Holger (2014). "Language and Script". In Niehr, Herbert (ed.). The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 106. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 71–107. ISBN 978-90-04-22943-3.
- Gzella, Holger (2015). "The Emergence of Aramaic Dialects in the Fertile Crescent". A Cultural History of Aramaic. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 72–77. ISBN 978-90-04-28510-1.
- Lemaire, André; Sass, Benjamin (2013). "The Mortuary Stele with Samʾalian Inscription from Ördekburnu near Zincirli". . Accessed 6 July 2023.
- Noorlander, Paul (2012). "Sam'alian in Its Northwest Semitic Setting: A Historical-Comparative Approach". Orientalia. 81 (3): 202–38. JSTOR 43077430. Accessed 6 July 2023.
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