Santa Rosa local fauna

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Coordinates: 9°29′39″S 72°45′48″W / 9.49417°S 72.76333°W / -9.49417; -72.76333
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9°29′39″S 72°45′48″W / 9.49417°S 72.76333°W / -9.49417; -72.76333 The Santa Rosa local fauna consists of the animals found in the Paleogene fossil site of Santa Rosa in eastern Peru. The age of the Santa Rosa fauna is difficult to determine, but may be Eocene (Mustersan) or Oligocene (Deseadan).

History and context

Few fossils have been found in the vast rainforests of the Amazon Basin, and Santa Rosa was the first Paleogene fauna to be discovered in the region.[1] The Santa Rosa local fauna was discovered in July 1995, and the discovery was briefly reported in 1996. In 1998, further fossil samples were taken at the site. Though not all of the material had been sorted, a report on the fauna was published in 2004 in a volume edited by Kenneth Campbell of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.[2] The publication was reviewed favorably by Bruce MacFadden in the Journal of Mammalian Evolution.[3]

Location and geology

The Santa Rosa fossil site is located in eastern Peru's

fluvial deposits that form thin lenses along the bank of the river.[5]

There is a number of similar rock units—so-called "red beds"—in the Tertiary deposits of western Amazonia, including eastern Peru, and it is difficult to assign the isolated Santa Rosa outcrop to any of them.

notoungulates also suggest a younger age.[8]

Fauna

The Santa Rosa local fauna contains mammals, other vertebrates, and some crabs and

gondwanathere have also been described.[13]

Other fossils found at Santa Rosa have not been described in detail. There are some xenarthrans, numerous fish representing at least five families, many crocodilians, some turtles, possibly some lizards, and a few fossils of amphibians and birds. Crab claws found at the site probably represent the family Pseudothelphusiidae.[9]

The marsupial fauna of Santa Rosa is known from 79 isolated teeth, which represent eleven species.

Didelphimorphia (opossums), and the extinct Sparassodonta and Polydolopimorphia. Two genera, Wirunodon and Kiruwamaq, cannot be assigned to any existing marsupial order.[15] The largest species found, the sparassodont Patene campbelli, was cat-sized, but most species were the size of a mouse. Most Santa Rosa marsupials are thought to have been frugivores and/or insectivores; on the other hand, Patene was a carnivore. The most common species found, the polydolopimorphian Wamradolops tsulludon, shows features that suggest it was adapted for breaking down hard food items such as seeds or bark.[16]

Hundreds of rodent fossils have been found at Santa Rosa, many of which cannot be identified precisely.

morphological pattern of the teeth, suggestive of a basal place in the caviomorph radiation.[19]

The extinct "ungulate" order Notoungulata is represented by a few fossils only. Four isolated teeth may represent the same species, a sheep-sized member of the suborder Toxodontia.[20] A single, very small tooth may belong to a member of the toxodont family Notohippidae. A jaw fragment is referable to the family Interatheriidae (suborder Typotheria).[21]

A single damaged lower molar documents the possible presence of a bat at Santa Rosa. The specimen is fragmentary enough that it cannot be identified positively as a bat. It shows some features that suggest a relationship with the living bat family

Noctilionidae (bulldog bats).[22] When published, this specimen represented the oldest known South American bat, but an older bat was described from Argentina in 2005.[23]

Another isolated tooth, LACM 149371, cannot be aligned securely with any mammalian group. Francisco Goin and colleagues, who described this specimen, tentatively suggested that it represents an upper molar of a member of the family Ferugliotheriidae, part of the ancient and enigmatic group Gondwanatheria. If this identification is correct, it would be among the youngest known gondwanatheres.[24]

Faunal list

The following species of mammals have been recorded at Santa Rosa:

References

  1. ^ MacFadden 2006, p. 161.
  2. ^ Campbell 2004, p. 2, Preface.
  3. ^ MacFadden 2006.
  4. ^ Campbell, Frailey & Romero-Pittman 2004, pp. 3–4.
  5. ^ Campbell, Frailey & Romero-Pittman 2004, pp. 4–5.
  6. ^ Campbell 2004a, pp. 155–156; Campbell 2004, p. 9.
  7. ^ Campbell, Frailey & Romero-Pittman 2004, pp. 9–11.
  8. ^ Vucetich et al. 2010, pp. 201–202.
  9. ^ a b Campbell, Frailey & Romero-Pittman 2004, p. 2.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Goin & Candela 2004.
  11. ^ Frailey & Campbell 2004; Martin 2005.
  12. ^ a b Shockey, Hitz & Bond 2004.
  13. ^ Czaplewski & Campbell 2004; Goin et al. 2004.
  14. ^ Goin & Candela 2004, p. 15.
  15. ^ Goin & Candela 2004, table 4.
  16. ^ Goin & Candela 2004, pp. 45–46.
  17. ^ Frailey & Campbell 2004, p. 94.
  18. ^ Martin 2005, p. 405.
  19. ^ Frailey & Campbell 2004, p. 103.
  20. ^ Shockey, Hitz & Bond 2004, pp. 61, 62, 63.
  21. ^ Shockey, Hitz & Bond 2004, p. 65.
  22. ^ Czaplewski & Campbell 2004, p. 141.
  23. ^ Tejedor et al. 2005, p. 990.
  24. ^ Goin et al. 2004, pp. 145, 152.
  25. ^ Bond et al. 2015.
  26. ^ Goin et al. 2004.
  27. ^ Frailey & Campbell 2004; Woods & Kilpatrick 2005.
  28. ^ Czaplewski & Campbell 2004.

Bibliography

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