Gondwanatheria

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Gondwanatheres
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous–Paleogene
Skull of Adalatherium
Mandible of Sudamerica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Subclass: †Allotheria (?)
Clade: †Gondwanatheria
Mones, 1987
Subgroups

Gondwanatheria is an extinct group of

multituberculates and likely the euharamiyidians, well known from the Northern Hemisphere, with which they form the clade Allotheria.[5]

Classification

Life reconstruction of Vintana sertichi. Postcranial reconstruction is hypothetical.

For several decades the affinities of the group were not clear, being first interpreted as early

multituberculates,[10] but this was soon after followed by a study recovering them as part of Euharamiyida, remaining inconclusive as to whether they belong in crown-group Mammalia.[11]

There are three known families within Gondwanatheria. The family Sudamericidae was named by Scillato-Yané and Pascual in 1984, and includes the vast majority of named taxa. The family Ferugliotheriidae was named by José Bonaparte in 1986, and includes one genus, Ferugliotherium, and possibly a few other forms like Trapalcotherium from the Late Cretaceous of South America. Ferugliotheriidae are considered the most basal gondawanatherians, and are sometimes recovered outside the group.[5]

Gondwanatheria cladogram per Chimento et al. 2015.

Further fossils have come from India, Madagascar and Antarctica. A possible Ferugliotherium-like species occurs in Maastrichtian deposits of Mexico, extending the clade to North America.[12]

The youngest gondwanatherians are known from the

Patagonia, two mammals from South America with unusual tooth morphologies usually considered metatherians, were considered by one paper to be gondwanatheres.[1] However, their conclusions have generally not been accepted.[5]

Biology

Gondwanatheres known from cranial remains almost universally have deep, robust snouts, as befitting their specialised herbivorous lifestyle.

Groeberidae and Ferugliotheriidae
, which lack hypsodont teeth and therefore had more generalistic herbivorous habits.

An articulated specimen found in the

epipubic bone.[15]

The fully described animal, now named

Adalatherium hui, is a comparatively large sized mammal, compared in size to a large cat. It has more erect limbs than other allotheres.[10]

Taxonomy

Order †Gondwanatheria[16][17] McKenna 1971 [Gondwanatheroidea Krause & Bonaparte 1993]

  • ?†Allostaffia[3]
  • †Adalatherium
  • ?†Galulatherium
  • Family †Ferugliotheriidae Bonaparte 1986
    • †
      Vucetichia gracilis
       Bonaparte 1990]
    • †
      Trapalcotherium matuastensis
       Rougier et al. 2008
    • ? †
      Magallanodon baikashkenke
       Goin et al. 2020
  • Family †Sudamericidae Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984 [Gondwanatheridae Bonaparte 1986]
    • †
      Greniodon sylvanicum
       Goin et al. 2012
    • †
      Vintana sertichi
       Krause et al. 2014
    • †
      Dakshina jederi
       Wilson, Das Sarama & Anantharaman 2007
    • †
      Gondwanatherium patagonicum
       Bonaparte 1986
    • †
      Sudamerica ameghinoi
       Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984
    • †
      Lavanify miolaka
       Krause et al. 1997
    • †
      Bharattherium bonapartei
       Prasad et al. 2007
    • †Patagonia peregrina Pascual & Carlini 1987
    • †Galulatherium O'Connor et al. 2019

References

  1. ^
    S2CID 216591096
    .
  2. S2CID 14077735
    .
  3. ^ a b Chimento, Nicolas; Agnolin, Federico; Martinelli, Agustin (May 2016). "Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana". Historia Evolutiva y Paleobiogeográfica de los Vertebrados de América del Sur. pp. 199–209.
  4. ^ Kraus, David W. (2014). Vintana Sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. [Lincoln, NE]: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. pp. 1–2.
  5. ^
    S2CID 230968231
    .
  6. ^
    S2CID 4395258
    .
  7. ^ "Fossil From Dinosaur Era Reveals Big Mammal With Super Senses". National Geographic News. 5 November 2014. Archived from the original on November 5, 2014.
  8. New York Times
    . Retrieved November 6, 2014.
  9. S2CID 43921185
    .
  10. ^
    S2CID 216650606
    .
  11. PMID 32517606
    .
  12. ^ SVP 2015[full citation needed]
  13. S2CID 129493664
    .
  14. S2CID 14077735
    .
  15. ^ HOFFMANN, Simone, THE FIRST POSTCRANIAL REMAINS OF A GONDWANATHERIAN MAMMAL, October 2016[verification needed]
  16. ^ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [1] Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "†Gondwanatheria – gondwanatheres". Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  17. ^ Paleofile.com (net, info) "Paleofile.com". Archived from the original on 2016-01-11. Retrieved 2015-12-30.. "Taxonomic lists- Mammals". Retrieved 30 December 2015.

External links

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