Sedge wren

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Sedge wren
In Prairie State Park, Missouri

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Troglodytidae
Genus: Cistothorus
Species:
C. stellaris
Binomial name
Cistothorus stellaris

The sedge wren (Cistothorus stellaris) is a small and secretive

conspecific with the non-migratory grass wren
of central and South America.

Taxonomy

The sedge wren was

monotypic.[6]

The sedge wren was formerly known as the short-billed marsh wren but was renamed to better distinguish it from the marsh wren.[7]

Description

The sedge wren is a relatively small wren that measures 10 to 12 cm (3.9 to 4.7 in), weighs 7 to 10 g (0.25 to 0.35 oz) and has a wing-chord of 4.1 to 4.6 cm (1.6 to 1.8 in). Wingspan ranges from 4.7-5.5 in (12-14 cm).[8]

Females and males have the same plumage but males are slightly larger.[7] Their head and back are tawny brown streaked with black and white.[7][9] They have a pale buff supercilium and brown irises.[7] Their rump is orange and tail is tawny brown bared with black. Wings are tawny brown bared with black, white and pale buff. They have a white throat and belly with pale buff on the side.[7][9] Their beak is long and slender.[9] and measures on average 6.77 to 6.95 mm [7] The upper mandible of the beak is brown while the lower mandible is yellow. They have pink legs and feet.[7] Juveniles are overall similar to adults but have less streaking on the head and nape and their chest is paler than adults.[7][9] The sedge wren can be differentiated from the similar marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris) by its smaller size, streaked crown and different song.[7]

Distribution and habitat

Distribution

During the breeding season they are found in the southern half of Alberta and Saskatchewan and in southern Ontario and Quebec in Canada and in the United States, west of the Appalachians, from the Canadian border to Missouri and northern Arkansas. During migration and winter they are found from the southern half of Arkansas down to Texas and Florida.[7]

Sedge wren in tall vegetation

Habitat

During the breeding season, sedge wrens generally occupy meadows and wet grasslands.[10][11][12][13] They can however live in wetter areas such as marshes[14] and dryer habitat such as dry prairies.[12] They prefer areas with dense and tall grasses and sedges to build their nests.[10][15][16]

During winter, migratory sedge wrens can be found in a variety of habitat as long as there are sufficient insects to eat.[17][18] For example, they can be found in pine savannas,[17] dry prairies,[18] meadows,[7] marshes,[7] and bogs.[7]

Behavior

Vocalizations
Songs and calls

Example of Sedge wren song:

Listen to Sedge wren on xeno-canto

Songs usually last 1.5 to 2 seconds and start with 3 to 4 high notes or staccato chips followed by a series of thrills.[7][9] While both male and females can produce calls, only the males sing.[7] Males sing from late winter to early spring on non-breeding grounds and throughout the breeding season to attract mates.[7][19] They sing both during the day and the night.[7] While males usually sing to attract females, they can also engage in countersinging, where a male will respond to another male's song. A male will usually answer the other male with a different song type and frequently change song types during the interaction. Both males also usually sing faster during countersinging. It is hypothesized that they do so to send the maximum amount of stimuli to the listener whether it be a male or a potential mate.[19]

Improvisation

Sedge wrens improvise their songs rather than learning them from other birds. Lab and field observations demonstrated that males had large ranges of individually unique songs and that their songs were poor imitations of the same template songs. There was also very little song sharing among males. This large variation results from the tendency of North American sedge wrens to move often. North American sedge wrens are nomadic breeders compared to their sedentary central and South American relatives.[20] They breed where moist meadows and grasslands are available and they may not return to the same locations the next year if conditions are not right.[20] Furthermore, adult birds may switch locations after raising their first brood to go to wetter areas. There is thus a lot of movement and mixing of populations and birds rarely have the same neighbor twice. Therefore, there is no selection for a precise imitation of the neighboring birds and variations arise in the males' songs. Moreover, because their songs vary so much naturally, it decreases the overall variation over large geographic scales and wrens from all over North America can communicate with each other regardless of which population they came from.[20]

Diet

Sedge wren forage on the ground for insects and spiders.[15][16] They eat many types of insects such as moths, flies and grasshoppers.[16]

Migration

Sedge wrens are short-distance[7] and nocturnal migrants.[21][22] They leave their wintering grounds between early April and mid-May and usually arrive at their breeding grounds between mid-April and mid-May. They will typically leave their breeding grounds when frost reduces significantly the abundance of insects.[15] They depart anywhere from August in the northern part of their range to the end of October in the central states to arrive in their wintering grounds starting in early September.[7]

Dual breeding migration

There is some evidence that some sedge wrens may go through a second migration during the breeding season to breed at a second location. Sedge wrens were observed arriving and breeding from mid to late summer in the Central Plains of the United States and in Iowa where they were previously absent in early summer.[12][19] It is however not actually known if these birds bred somewhere else before. There are several hypotheses to explain this potential second migration. One hypothesis is that these birds are coming from the northern part of their range where shorter summers prevents them from having a second brood in the same location. Another similar hypothesis is that these birds come from various locations where the environmental conditions changed and were no longer suitable for raising a second brood. A final hypothesis is that males that were not able to breed at their previous location relocate to the central plains. They will then wait for the arrival of females that are relocating and try to breed with them.[12]

Reproduction

Some males are

altricial.[7] The females do most of the parental care and feeding whilst the males continue to build nests and display for other females.[13][15] However, males will also occasionally feed the young.[15] The young leave the nest after 11–16 days.[15][23] Some early breeding females can also have a second brood later in the season.[13]

References

  1. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103887005A104216001.en
    . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Naumann, Johann Friedrich (1823). Johann Andreas Naumann's Naturgeschichte der Vögel Deutschlands. Vol. 3. Leipzig: G. Fleischer. Table facing p. 724.
  3. ^ Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1960). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 391.
  4. ^ Cabanis, Jean (1850). Museum Heineanum : Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt (in German). Vol. 1. Halberstadt: In Commission bei R. Frantz. p. 77.
  5. S2CID 86234438
    .
  6. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens & gnatcatchers". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Sedge Wren - | Birds of North America Online". birdsna.org. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  8. ^ "Sedge Wren Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-0-307-95791-7
    .
  10. ^
    S2CID 84147758
    .
  11. ^
    hdl:2027/uiug.30112101597810
    .
  12. ^
    JSTOR 4163643
    .
  13. ^
    JSTOR 4161644
    .
  14. JSTOR 4513297
    .
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Schramm, P.; Schramm, D.S.; Johnson, S.G. (1986). "Seasonal phenology and habitat selection of the Sedge Wren Cistothorus platensis in a restored tallgrass prairie" (PDF). Proceedings of the Ninth North American Prairie Conference. Fargo, North Dakota: Tri-College University Center for Environmental Studies. pp. 95–99.
  16. ^
    JSTOR 4077509
    .
  17. ^
    S2CID 5253039
    .
  18. ^
    JSTOR 10.1525/cond.2009.080080
    .
  19. ^
    JSTOR 4085357
    .
  20. ^
    JSTOR 4089372
    .
  21. JSTOR 4159682
    .
  22. JSTOR 4512783
    .
  23. ^
    JSTOR 4085101
    .

External links

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