Sheikh Bureik
Sheikh Bureik | |
---|---|
الشيخ بريك/الشيخ اِبريق | |
Alternative names | Sheikh Abreik or Sheikh Ibreik[1][2] |
General information | |
Type | Maqam |
Location | Israel |
Coordinates | 32°42′08″N 35°07′45″E / 32.70222°N 35.12917°E |
Palestine grid | 162/234 |
Sheikh Bureik (
The village appears under the name Sheikh Bureik in 16th century
A new Jewish settlement, also named Sheikh Abreik, was established there in 1925. Excavations at the site in 1936 revealed the ancient city, known in Greek as Besara and identified as Beth Shearim by
Name
The site is first mentioned in the writings of
Following excavations in 1936 of an ancient city located on the hill upon which the village had been located,
Sheikh Abreik shrine
A small double-domed
History
Iron Age
Pottery shards discovered at the site indicate that a first settlement there dates back to the Iron Age.[3]
Roman and Byzantine periods
After the destruction of the
While it was originally thought that Bet She'arayim was destroyed during the
Early Islamic period
From the beginning of the Early Islamic period (7th century), settlement was sparse.
Glassmaking industry
In 1956, a bulldozer working at the site unearthed an enormous rectangular slab, 11×6.5×1.5 feet, weighing 9 tons. Initially, it was paved over, but it was eventually studied and found to be a gigantic piece of glass. A
Poem from Abbasid period
An
I lament the defender (who passed away)
- While desire within his breast is still afire.
- His generosity was not very manifest to the eye,
- So that the envious ones neglect desiring him.
- Yearning (for him) has made his resting place
- (a site of) wakefulness and a shrine where people stay.
- The blessing of beauty he enjoyed. Can any thing equal them
- in the worlds? Nothing to match them can be found.
- Closer come the Ages, but distance they cause;
- for nearness they aspire, but friends they keep afar.
- Were Desire to cause blame (to a person), (still) it could not subdue (him);
- And if man's fortune does not ascend, he (too will) not rise.
- Ask about it, and the experienced ones will tell thee
- That Time combines both blame and praise:
- As long as limpid it remains, life is happy, blissful
- But once it turbid turns, miserable is life and painful
- And wrote Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Bishr b. Abu Dulaf al-Abdi, and in these verses is a name. Take from the beginning of each verse one letter and you should comprehend it. And it was written in the month of
Rabi II in the year 287 (or 289).[17]
Moshe Sharon speculates that this poem might be marking the beginning of the practice of treating this site as the sanctuary of Shaykh Abreik and suggests the site was used for burial at this time and possibly later as well.[4][18] He further notes that the cave within which the inscription was found forms part of a vast area of ancient ruins which constituted a natural place for the emergence of a local shrine. Drawing on the work of Tawfiq Canaan, Sharon cites his observation that 32% of the sacred sites he visited in Palestine were located in the vicinity of ancient ruins.[18]
Crusader period
There is some evidence of activity in the former city area and necropolis dating to the Crusader period (12th century), probably connected to travellers and temporary settlement.[3]
Village under Ottoman rule
Sheikh Bureik, like the rest of
In 1859, the
In 1881, "The Survey of Western Palestine" describes Sheikh Abreik as a small village situated on a hill with a conspicuous Maqam (sanctuary) located to the south. The village houses were made mostly of mud, and it belonged to the Sursuk family. The population at this time was estimated to be around 150.[22][25]
A population list from about 1887 showed that Sheikh Abreik had about 395 inhabitants; all Muslims.[26]
During World War I, the "finest oaks" of Sheikh Bureik were "ruthlessly destroyed" by the Turkish Army for use as rail fuel.[27]
Village under British Mandatory rule
During the period of
The area was acquired by the Jewish community as part of the
In 1926-7 an agricultural settlement was established by the Hapoel HaMizrachi, a Zionist political party and settlement movement; the village continued to be called by its Arabic name Sheikh Abreik.[35][36][37][38] By 1930, the new Jewish settlement had a population of 45 spanning an area of 1,089 dunams.[39] In 1940, the High Commissioner of the British Mandate for Palestine placed the village in Zone B for land transfers, meaning that transfer of land to a person other than a Palestinian Arab was permitted in certain specified circumstances.[40]
See also
- Al-Khansa(7th century), the best known female poet in Arabic literature, famous for her elegies
- Beit She'arim National Park
- List of villages depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict
References
- ^ a b Palmer, 1881, p. 116
- ^ a b Sharon, 2004, p. xxxvii
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Negev and Gibson, 2001, pp. 86–87.
- ^ a b c d e f Sharon, 2004, p. xxxviii
- ^ Mazar, 1976, p. 34.
- ^ Masterman, E.W.G. (1909), p. 7
- ^ Conder, 1887, p. 254
- ^ Schumacher, 1899, pp. 340–341
- ^ Canaan, 1927, p. 111. Cited in Sharon, 2004, p. xxxix.
- ^ Sufian, 2007, p. 51
- ^ Sharon, 2004, p. xxxix
- ^ Benjamin Mazar, Beth She'arim : Report on the Excavations during 1936–1940, Vol. I, p19.
- ^ a b "Beit She'arim – The Jewish necropolis of the Roman Period". mfa.gov.il. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2000. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
- ^ H.Z. Hirschberg, Yisrā’ēl ba-'Arāb, Tel Aviv 1946, pp. 53–57, 148, 283–284 (Hebrew)
- ^ Mazar, p20.
- ^ The Mystery Slab of Beit She'arim, Corning Glass Museum
- ^ a b Sharon, 2004, p. xli
- ^ a b Sharon, 2004, p. xlii
- ISBN 3-920405-41-2.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 158
- ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 163
- ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 273
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 356
- ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 395–397
- ^ Also cited in Sharon, 2004, p.xxxviii
- ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 175
- ^ Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, report of 1923, quoted by R. El-Eini, British forestry policy in Mandate Palestine 1929–48: Aims and realities, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 35, 1999, pp 72–155.
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 33
- ^ Palestine Government Records. Governorate Haifa, 17 June 1925
- ^ Avneri, 1984, p. 122
- ^ In 1925, according to List of villages sold by Sursocks and their partners to the Zionists since British occupation of Palestine, evidence to the Shaw Commission, 1930
- ^ a b Department of Land Settlement, Jerusalem, 24 May 1946
- ^ Stein, 1987 p. 60
- ^ Department of Land Settlement, Jerusalem, 24 May 1946
- ^ Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol 6, entry "Colonies, Agricultural", p287.
- Hebrew: slichot), 28 Elul 1927 [September 25, 1927] (1926) [sic], 11 men went up to Sheikh Abreik. Since there were no buildings in the place yet, they meanwhile sat in Zichron Avraham, one of the Hasidic settlements that were in the area. They set up their living quarters in front of Kfar Yehoshua, where there was a bridge that could be crossed over Wadi Musrara" (END QUOTE).
- ^ Palestine Government. Soundings: Sheikh Abreik (Correspondence from 1936)
- ^ Zaharoni (1978), p. 45
- ^ Jewish Agency for Palestine, Land and Agricultural Development in Palestine (1930).
- ^ Transfers of land restricted, Palestine Post, 29 February 1940, pp1-2.
Bibliography
- Facts on the Ground: Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society(p.81..more about Bet Shearim)
- Avneri, Arieh L. (1984). The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-settlement and the Arabs, 1878–1948. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-87855-964-7.
- Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Canaan, T. (1927). Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine. London: Luzac & Co.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (Sharon, 2004, mentions p.325, p.345, p. 346, p. 347, p. 348, p.349, p. 350, and p.351)
- Conder, C.R. (1887). Syrian Stone-Lore; Or, the Monumental History of Palestine.
- Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253.
- Masterman, Ernest William Gurney (1909). Studies in Galilee. Chicago: The University of Chicago press. OCLC 250486251.
- ISBN 9780813507309
- Negev, Avraham; ISBN 9780826485717.
- Oliphant, L. (1887). Haifa, or Life in Modern Palestine. (visited Sheik Abreik and "The Cave of Hell" in 1883; see p.38 ff.)
- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement – Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.
- .
- ISBN 90-04-13197-3.
- ISBN 0-8078-4178-1.
- ISBN 0-7914-5352-9.
- Sufian, Sandra Marlene (2007). Healing the land and the nation: malaria and the Zionist project in Palestine, 1920-1947. University of Chicago Press BRILL. ISBN 9780226779386.
External links
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Maqam sheikh Abreik (Bureik)