Simple view of reading
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The simple view of reading is a scientific theory that a student's ability to understand written words depends on how well they sound out (decode) the words and understand the meaning of those words. Specifically, their reading comprehension can be predicted by multiplying their skill in decoding the written words by their ability to understand the meaning of those words. It is expressed in this equation:
Decoding (D) x (Oral) Language Comprehension (LC)= Reading Comprehension (RC) [1]
The parts of the equation are:
- (D) Decoding: the ability of the student to sound-out or decode the written words using the principles of phonics (e.g. /k - æ - t/= cat).
- (LC) language (listening) comprehension: the ability of the student to understand the meaning of the words (as if they had been spoken out loud).
- (RC) Reading comprehension: the ability of the student to understand the meaning of the written words.
To be clear, all of this can be done while doing silent reading.
The equation asserts the following:
- If students can decode (i.e. sound-out) the words accurately (so they make sense) and understand the meaning of those words, they will be able to understand the written words (i.e. reading comprehension).
- If students can decode the words accurately, but do not understand the meaning of the words, they will not have reading comprehension. (e.g. A reader who can decode the word “etymology” but does not know what it means, will not achieve reading comprehension.)
- If students cannot decode the words accurately, yet understands the meaning of those words, they will not have reading comprehension. (e.g. A reader who knows what a tyrannosaurus rex is, but cannot decode the words, will not achieve reading comprehension.)
The simple view of reading was originally described by psychologists Philip Gough and William Tunmer in 1986 [2] and modified by Wesley Hoover and Philip Gough in 1990;[3] and has led to significant advancements in our understanding of reading comprehension.
Research basis
First publication
The simple view was first described by Gough and Tunmer in the feature article of the first 1986 issue of the journal
In setting out the simple view, Gough and Tunmer were responding to an ongoing dispute among psychologists, researchers and educationalists about the contribution of decoding to reading comprehension. Some, such as Ken Goodman (credited with creating the theory of
This dispute was one front of what came to be known as the reading wars, a protracted and often heated series of debates about aspects of reading research, instruction and policy during the twentieth century. In proposing the simple view, Gough and Tunmer hoped that the use of the scientific method would resolve the debate about the connection between decoding and comprehension.[4]
Apart from providing a focus for the debate over decoding, the authors felt the simple view had important insights into reading disability.[5] If reading ability results only from the product of decoding and listening comprehension, reading disability could result in three different ways: an inability to decode (dyslexia), an inability to comprehend (hyperlexia), or both (which they term “garden variety reading disability”).[7]
Empirical support
The original empirical support for the simple view came from
In their 2018 review of the science of learning to read, psychologists Anne Castles, Kathleen Rastle and Kate Nation write that "The logical case for the Simple View is clear and compelling: Decoding and linguistic comprehension are both necessary, and neither is sufficient alone. A child who can decode print but cannot comprehend is not reading; likewise, regardless of the level of linguistic comprehension, reading cannot happen without decoding."[11] Further, studies show that decoding and linguistic comprehension together account for almost all the variance in reading comprehension and its development.[11]
Visualizations
Quadrants
By placing the two cognitive processes on intersecting axes, the theory predicts four categories of readers:[12][13]
- Readers with poor decoding skills but relatively preserved listening comprehension skills would be considered 'poor decoders', or dyslexic;
- Readers with poor listening comprehension skills are referred to as 'poor comprehenders';
- Readers with poor decoding skills and poor listening comprehension skills are considered 'poor readers', or sometimes referred to as 'garden-variety poor readers'; and
- Readers who have good decoding and listening comprehension skills are considered 'typical readers'.
The reading rope
The reading rope is a visualization of the simple view published by psychologist Hollis Scarborough in 2001, showing the interactivity of decoding and language comprehension (and their sub-components) in producing fluent reading comprehension.[14] By depicting strands winding together to form 'the rope' of skilled reading, the visualization expands the simple view to include the cognitive sub-components (Language Comprehension and Word Recognition) as integral to the process of skilled reading.[15]
In education
Psychologist David A. Kilpatrick writes that the simple view of reading is not just for researchers. It is also helpful to school psychologists, teachers, and curriculum coordinators in understanding the reading process, identifying the source of reading difficulties, and developing lesson plans."[16] Others have noted that, by distinguishing the two components of reading comprehension, the simple view assists teachers by showing that their students may differ in their abilities in the two components and therefore require different teaching strategies to support their reading development.[17]
United Kingdom
In 2006, the
Limitations
In 2018, Castles, Rastle and Nation noted the following limitations of the simple view of reading:
Although the Simple View is a useful framework, it can only take us so far. First, it is not a model: It does not tell us how decoding and linguistic comprehension operate or how they develop. Second, in testing predictions of the Simple View, the field has been inconsistent in how the key constructs are defined and measured. In relation to decoding, as Gough and Tunmer (1986) themselves noted, it can refer to the overt “sounding out” of a word or to skilled word recognition, and measures vary accordingly. In relation to linguistic comprehension, measures used have ranged from vocabulary to story retell, inference making, and verbal short-term memory. To fully understand reading development, we need more precise models that detail the cognitive processes operating within the decoding and linguistic comprehension components of the Simple View.[11]
See also
- Dual-route hypothesis to reading aloud
- Dyslexia
- Hyperlexia
- Learning to read
Further reading
Books
- Kilpatrick, David (2015). Essentials of assessing, preventing, and overcoming reading difficulties. New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-84524-0.
- Oakhill, Jane; Cain, Kate; Elbro, Carsten (2015). Understanding and teaching reading comprehension : a handbook. Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9780415698313.
- Seidenberg, Mark (2017). Language at the speed of sight : how we read, why so many can't, and what can be done about it. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465019328.
Journal articles
- Catts, Hugh W.; Adlof, Suzanne M.; Weismer, Susan Ellis (April 2006). "Language Deficits in Poor Comprehenders: A Case for the Simple View of Reading". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 49 (2): 278–293. S2CID 12238016.
- Sabatini, John P.; Sawaki, Yasuyo; Shore, Jane R.; Scarborough, Hollis S. (23 February 2010). "Relationships Among Reading Skills of Adults With Low Literacy". Journal of Learning Disabilities. 43 (2): 122–138. PMID 20179307.
- Ricketts, Jessie (November 2011). "Research Review: Reading comprehension in developmental disorders of language and communication" (PDF). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 52 (11): 1111–1123. S2CID 21166518.
- Ripoll Salceda, Juan C.; Aguado Alonso, Gerardo; Castilla-Earls, Anny Patricia (January 2014). "The simple view of reading in elementary school: A systematic review". Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología. 34 (1): 17–31. .
References
- PMID 19091164.
- S2CID 145093377.
- S2CID 144342092.
- ^ S2CID 145093377.
- ^ S2CID 145093377.
- .
- ^ S2CID 145093377.
- .
- S2CID 53066103.
- ISBN 978-1-118-84524-0.
- ^ PMID 29890888.
- PMID 15493430.
- S2CID 12238016.
- ISBN 1-57230-653-X.
- ^ "Scarborough's Reading Rope: A Groundbreaking Infographic, International Dyslexia Association". 2 April 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-118-84524-0.
- PMID 19091164.
- ^ Rose, Jim. "Independent review of the Teaching of Early Reading" (PDF). Department for Education and Skills. p. 77. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
- ^ "Searchlights: Reading strategies, The Lancashire county council, UK" (PDF).
- ^ Rose, Jim. "Independent review of the Teaching of Early Reading" (PDF). Department for Education and Skills. p. 70. Retrieved 26 November 2019.