Slow bee paralysis virus

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Not to be confused with
Acute bee paralysis virus or Chronic bee paralysis virus
.
Slow bee paralysis virus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Iflaviridae
Genus: Iflavirus
Species:
Slow bee paralysis virus
The virus infects bees through mites that lives in their colonies.

Slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV) is a virus discovered in England in 1974[1] that infects honeybees (Apis mellifera), bumblebees[2] (Bombis spp.), and silkworms (Bombyx mori) through Varroa destructor mite infestations. The virus causes paralysis in the front two pairs of legs of adult bees eventually killing its hosts. The virus is in the iflaviridae family of viruses. Infection by iflaviridae viruses is among the leading cause of death of honeybee colonies.[3] As bees and silkworms are of great economic and biological importance, the virus is the subject of ongoing research.

Structure

Structure of slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV) virion and the icosahedral asymmetric unit.

The virus has an "...

kilodaltons.[5] One of these three proteins (VP3) has a C-terminal globular domain which folds to create a single globular protein P domain.[3] The position of this protruding protein is such that it may easily encounter and interact with the bee host cells. Because of this, it is believed the protruding protein may act as a receptor. This receptor activity has been known to occur in many plant viruses, but has not yet been seen in this order.[4]

Genome

SBPV is a non-enveloped

poly(A) tail.[5] The RNA has a coding region which codes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Though it was not identified, it is expected that a viral genome-linked protein, involved in stability, replication, and translation, would be bound to the 5' end.[5] There are two strains of the virus, named "Rothamsted" and "Harpenden" which are 83% identical at the nucleotide level, and 94% identical at the amino acid level.[5]

Replication cycle

Entry

Though little is known about the genome release mechanism, it has been hypothesized that low pH may promotes SBPV genome release, and the virus may enter host cells through endosomes.[7] This would suggest that the virus effectively circumvents the host cells' cap-dependent translation.[5] Furthermore, it has been previously shown that picornaviruses enter the host cell membrane through the use of liposomes, however, SBPV is not myristoylated. It is possible, then, that SBPV enters the cell membrane through "...residues 4–21 of VP4 of SBPV [which] form an amphipathic α-helix in which the polar and hydrophobic residues are segregated to the opposite sides."[7] On the other hand, it is not clear if VP4 contributes to virus cell entry at all, since the electron density of VP4 could not be identified in the slow bee paralysis virus.[3][7]

Transmission, infection, and diagnosis

Varroa destructor on honeybee host

SBPV is transmitted by the common honeybee parasite, the Varroa destructor mite. It is transmitted directly to adults and pupae when the mite feeds upon and infects the bee's hemolymph.[2] The virus accumulates mainly in the head, salivary glands, and fatty tissues of the bee; it accumulates to a much lesser degree in the hindlegs, midgut, and rectum.[8] Because of this, the virus may also be spread through oral transmission between bees.

Many viruses that plague bees are found living within the Varroa mite, and many, like SBPV, can be directly transmitted to the bee by the mites themselves.[9] As the name suggests, slow bee paralysis virus induces paralysis to the anterior legs ten to twelve days after infection.

Management

The virus has a low natural prevalence across large parts of Europe, but can be propagated in bee colonies with varying levels of Varroa infestations.[5]

Management of SBPV can be effectively achieved through management of the Varroa destructor mite. Management strategies include:

  • Mechanical control such as bee dusting
  • Using mite-tolerant bee strains
  • Chemical control with bio and synthetic pesticides[10]

References

  1. ^ http://www.techne.com/docs/sbpv.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  2. ^
    PMID 28361244
    .
  3. ^
    PMID 27279610
    .
  4. ^ a b Kalynych. "Slow Bee Paralysis Virus". Protein Data Bank in Europe.
  5. ^
    PMID 20519455
    .
  6. PMID 11080493
    .
  7. ^
    PMID 28053231
    .
  8. ^ Denholm, C. H. (1999). Inducible honey bee viruses associated with varroa jacobsoni (PhD thesis). Keele, UK: University of Keele.
  9. ^ Moore, P.; et al. (August 2014). "Honey Bee Viruses, the Deadly Varroa Mite Associates". Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN.
  10. ^ "Managing Varroa Mites in Honey Bee Colonies". NC State Extension. 23 Feb 2016.
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