Soil vapor extraction
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is a physical treatment process for
SVE Configuration
The soil vapor extraction remediation technology uses
SVE has several advantages as a vadose zone remediation technology. The system can be implemented with standard wells and off-the-shelf equipment (blowers, instrumentation, vapor treatment, etc.). SVE can also be implemented with a minimum of site disturbance, primarily involving well installation and minimal aboveground equipment. Depending on the nature of the contamination and the subsurface geology, SVE has the potential to treat large soil volumes at reasonable costs.
The soil gas (vapor) that is extracted by the SVE system generally requires treatment prior to discharge back into the environment. The aboveground treatment is primarily for a gas stream, although condensation of liquid must be managed (and in some cases may specifically be desired). A variety of treatment techniques are available for aboveground treatment
SVE Effectiveness
The effectiveness of SVE, that is, the rate and degree of mass removal, depends on a number of factors that influence the transfer of contaminant mass into the gas phase. The effectiveness of SVE is a function of the contaminant properties (e.g.,
Enhancement of SVE
Enhancements for improving the effectiveness of SVE can include
Design, Optimization, Performance Assessment, and Closure
On selection as a remedy, implementation of SVE involves the following elements: system design, operation, optimization, performance assessment, and closure. Several guidance documents provide information on these implementation aspects. EPA and
Design and operation of a SVE system is relatively straightforward, with the major uncertainties having to do with subsurface geology/formation characteristics and the location of contamination. As time goes on, it is typical for a SVE system to exhibit a diminishing rate of contaminant extraction due to mass transfer limitations or removal of contaminant mass. Performance assessment is a key aspect to provide input for decisions about whether the system should be optimized, terminated, or transitioned to another technology to replace or augment SVE. Assessment of rebound and mass flux[24][25][23] provide approaches to evaluate system performance and obtain information on which to base decisions.
Related Technologies
Several technologies are related to soil vapor extraction. As noted above, various soil-heating remediation technologies (e.g., electrical resistive heating, in situ
See also
- In-situ thermal desorption
- In situ soil heating
- Bioventing
- In situ air sparging
- Environmental remediation
- Vapor–liquid separator
- Volatile organic compounds
- Modified active gas sampling
- Electro Thermal Dynamic Stripping Process
References
- ^ Hutzler, N.J., B.E. Murphy, and J.S. Gierke. 1990. "State of Technology Review: Soil Vapor Extraction Systems." EPA/600/S2-89/024, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
- ^ Pedersen, T.A., and J.T. Curtis. 1991. Soil Vapor Extraction Technology. Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, New Jersey.
- ^ Noyes, R. 1994. Unit Operations in Environmental Engineering. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey.
- ^ Stamnes, R., and J. Blanchard. 1997. "Engineering Forum Issue Paper: Soil Vapor Extraction Implementation Experiences." EPA 540/F-95/030, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
- ^ Suthersan, S.S. 1999. "Soil Vapor Extraction." In: Remediation Engineering: Design Concepts, S.S. Suthersan, ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
- PMID 15135946.
- ^ Damera, R., and A. Bhandari. 2007. "Physical Treatment Technologies." In: Remediation Technologies for Soils and Groundwater. A. Bhandari, R.Y. Surampalli, P. Champagne, S.K. Ong, R.D. Tyagi, and I.M.C. Lo, ed. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia.
- ^ Presumptive Remedies: Site Characterization and Technology Selection For CERCLA Sites With Volatile Organic Compounds In Soils (PDF) (Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C. 1993.
- ^ EPA, 1996
- ^ Presumptive Remedies: Policy and Procedures (PDF) (Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C. 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
- ^ Early, T., B. Borden, M. Heitkamp, B.B. Looney, D. Major, W.J. Waugh, G. Wein, T. Wiedemeier, K.M. Vangelas, K.M. Adams, and C.H. Sink. 2006. Enhanced Attenuation: A Reference Guide on Approaches to Increase the Natural Treatment Capacity of a System. WSRC-STI-2006-00083, Rev.1, Washington Savannah River Company, Aiken, South Carolina.
- ^ Kamath, R., D.T. Adamson, C.J. Newell, K.M. Vangelas, and B.B. Looney. 2010. Passive Soil Vapor Extraction. SRNL-STI-2009-00571, Rev. 1, Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina.
- ^ Off-Gas Treatment Technologies for Soil Vapor Extraction Systems: State of the Practice (Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Washington, D.C. 2006.
- S2CID 140600646.
- S2CID 129039393.
- .
- ^ EPA, 1997
- PMID 23962760.
- ^ Development of Recommendations and Methods to Support Assessment of Soil Venting Performance and Closure (PDF) (Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 2001.
- ^ How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites (Report). Vol. EPA/510/R-04/002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C. 2004.
- ^ USACE. 2002. Engineering and Design: Soil Vapor Extraction and Bioventing. EM 1110-1-4001, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C.
- ^ AFCEE. 2001. United States Air Force Environmental Restoration Program: Guidance on Soil Vapor Extraction Optimization. Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas.
- ^ a b Truex, M.J., D.J. Becker, M.A. Simon, M. Oostrom, A.K. Rice, and C.D. Johnson (2013). Soil Vapor Extraction System Optimization, Transition, and Closure Guidance (PDF) (Report). Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - S2CID 98049805.
- PMID 23516336.
- EPA. 1996. "User’s Guide to the VOCs in Soils Presumptive Remedy." EPA/540/F-96/008, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C.
- EPA. 1997. Analysis of Selected Enhancements for Soil Vapor Extraction. EPA/542/R-97/007, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C.
- EPA. 2012. "A Citizen’s Guide to Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging." EPA/542/F-12/018, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C.
External links
- U.S. EPA CLU-IN Soil Vapor Extraction Overview
- How To Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies For Underground Storage Tank Sites
- Hyperventilate Users Manual: A Software Guidance System Created for Vapor Extraction Applications Environmental Protection Agency
- USACE Soil Vapor Extraction and Bioventing (EM 1110-1-4001)
- Soil Vapor Extraction System Guidance / Soil Vapor Extraction Endstate Tool (SVEET)
- Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable (FRTR) Screening Matrix Section 4.8, Soil Vapor Extraction
- Center for Public Environmental Oversight (CPEO) Tech Tree: Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)
- Center for Public Environmental Oversight (CPEO) Tech Tree: Soil Vapor Extraction Enhancements
- New Approach to Assess Volatile Contamination in Vadose Zone Provides Path Forward for Site Closure