Ministry of Defence (Sudan): Difference between revisions
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Then-Colonel [[Jaafar Nimeiri]] came to power in the [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état]]. [[Khalid Hassan Abbas]] was appointed as Minister of Defense on 29 October 1969<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mod.gov.sd/index.php/section-blog/25-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9.html|title=عن الوزارة|website=mod.gov.sd|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812075956/http://mod.gov.sd/index.php/section-blog/25-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9.html|archive-date=2018-08-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> following a cabinet reshuffle implemented to strengthen the army's control over the Sudanese government. Abbas was an anti-[[Ansar (Sudan)|Mahdist]] and non-[[Sudanese Communist Party|communist]]. As Defense Minister he, alongside Babiker, would push President Nimeiri to adopt a more aggressive response to the rising threat to the government posed by the [[Ansar (Sudan)|Ansar movement]], resulting in the brutal crackdown seen on [[Aba Island]] in 1970.<ref>{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Robert O. |title=A History of Modern Sudan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zpShVWIxwIC&q=Khalid+Hassan+Abbas+defense+minister&pg=PA98 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |page=98 |isbn=9780521858205}}</ref> Abbas served as Defense Minister until 16 April 1972,<ref>International Who's Who 1972-73</ref> at which point Nimeiri took over the role. |
Then-Colonel [[Jaafar Nimeiri]] came to power in the [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état]]. [[Khalid Hassan Abbas]] was appointed as Minister of Defense on 29 October 1969<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mod.gov.sd/index.php/section-blog/25-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9.html|title=عن الوزارة|website=mod.gov.sd|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812075956/http://mod.gov.sd/index.php/section-blog/25-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9.html|archive-date=2018-08-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> following a cabinet reshuffle implemented to strengthen the army's control over the Sudanese government. Abbas was an anti-[[Ansar (Sudan)|Mahdist]] and non-[[Sudanese Communist Party|communist]]. As Defense Minister he, alongside Babiker, would push President Nimeiri to adopt a more aggressive response to the rising threat to the government posed by the [[Ansar (Sudan)|Ansar movement]], resulting in the brutal crackdown seen on [[Aba Island]] in 1970.<ref>{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Robert O. |title=A History of Modern Sudan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zpShVWIxwIC&q=Khalid+Hassan+Abbas+defense+minister&pg=PA98 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |page=98 |isbn=9780521858205}}</ref> Abbas served as Defense Minister until 16 April 1972,<ref>International Who's Who 1972-73</ref> at which point Nimeiri took over the role. |
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U.S. personnel met Defence Minister General [[Abdul Majid Hamid Khalil]] (known in the Sudan as Abdul Majid) in 1979.<ref> |
U.S. personnel met Defence Minister General [[Abdul Majid Hamid Khalil]] (known in the Sudan as Abdul Majid) in 1979.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1979 August 14, 00:00 (Tuesday)|title=Sudan Mindef Comments on Security Situation|url=https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1979KHARTO04136_e.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1978 May 8, 00:00 (Monday)|title=Creation of Sudanese Anti-Terrorist Squad|url=https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1978KHARTO02087_d.html}}</ref> |
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Two days after the signing of the peace agreement between [[Ahmed al-Mirghani]] and [[John Garang]] on 16 November 1988, a [[Sudanese Air Force]] [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]] carrying Abdul Majid from [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]] to Khartoum, together with the Army Commander-in-Chief, General [[Fathi Ahmed Ali]], was hit by a missile, knocking out one of its engines.<ref>Mansour Khalid, "War and Peace in the Sudan," Routledge 2012, 184, 186.</ref> In January 1982, President Nimeiri again assumed the office himself after retiring Abdul Majid, who had been simultaneously [[Vice President of Sudan|First Vice President]], Minister of Defence, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and secretary-general of the single ruling [[Sudanese Socialist Union]] party.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Nelson|editor1-first=Harold D.|title=Sudan, a country study. Vol. 550, no. 27.|publisher=Headquarters, [[Department of the Army]]|date=1982|pages=260, 266|series=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]}}</ref> |
Two days after the signing of the peace agreement between [[Ahmed al-Mirghani]] and [[John Garang]] on 16 November 1988, a [[Sudanese Air Force]] [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]] carrying Abdul Majid from [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]] to Khartoum, together with the Army Commander-in-Chief, General [[Fathi Ahmed Ali]], was hit by a missile, knocking out one of its engines.<ref>Mansour Khalid, "War and Peace in the Sudan," Routledge 2012, 184, 186.</ref> In January 1982, President Nimeiri again assumed the office himself after retiring Abdul Majid, who had been simultaneously [[Vice President of Sudan|First Vice President]], Minister of Defence, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and secretary-general of the single ruling [[Sudanese Socialist Union]] party.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Nelson|editor1-first=Harold D.|title=Sudan, a country study. Vol. 550, no. 27.|publisher=Headquarters, [[Department of the Army]]|date=1982|pages=260, 266|series=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]}}</ref> |
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|14 ||Major General Jaafar Nimeiri || for the period 17/4/1972 - 7/10/1973 || |
|14 ||Major General Jaafar Nimeiri || for the period 17/4/1972 - 7/10/1973 || |
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|15 ||Lieutenant General [[Awad Khallafalla]]||for the period 8/10/1972 - 25/10/1975 ||Air Force officer, "pilot corner team". As part of the [[U.S. diplomatic cables leak]], it was disclosed that the [[United States Embassy Khartoum]] had dispatched a message saying that as of November 7, 1974, General Awad Khallafalla had been dismissed as Minister of Defence and Commander-in-Chief of the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]], retired, and been appointed as an advisor on military and aviation affairs in the office of the presidency.<ref> |
|15 ||Lieutenant General [[Awad Khallafalla]]||for the period 8/10/1972 - 25/10/1975 ||Air Force officer, "pilot corner team". As part of the [[U.S. diplomatic cables leak]], it was disclosed that the [[United States Embassy Khartoum]] had dispatched a message saying that as of November 7, 1974, General Awad Khallafalla had been dismissed as Minister of Defence and Commander-in-Chief of the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]], retired, and been appointed as an advisor on military and aviation affairs in the office of the presidency.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1974 November 8, 12:10 (Friday)|title=Changes in Sudanese Army|url=https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1974KHARTO02509_b.html}}</ref> |
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|16 ||Jaafar Nimeiri ||10/26/1975 - 9/8/1976 || |
|16 ||Jaafar Nimeiri ||10/26/1975 - 9/8/1976 || |
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|20 ||Field Marshal Jaafar Nimeiri ||January 26, 1982 - March 3, 1985 || |
|20 ||Field Marshal Jaafar Nimeiri ||January 26, 1982 - March 3, 1985 || |
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|21 ||Lieutenant General [[Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab]] ||March 3, 1985 - 6/4/1985.<ref> |
|21 ||Lieutenant General [[Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab]] ||March 3, 1985 - 6/4/1985.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Biel|first=Melha Rout|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2Q5k6oTriAC&q=Suwar+al-Dahab+1934&pg=PA146%257Ctitle=Elite|title=Elite im Sudan: Bedeutung, Einfluss und Verantwortung|date=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-631-57115-6|language=de}}</ref> |
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|22 ||Field Marshal [[Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab]] || April 6, 1985 - April 22, 1985 ||As Chair of the [[Transitional Military Council (1985)|Transitional Military Council]] |
|22 ||Field Marshal [[Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab]] || April 6, 1985 - April 22, 1985 ||As Chair of the [[Transitional Military Council (1985)|Transitional Military Council]] |
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|28 ||Staff General Hassan Abdel-Rahman Ali hasaan || October 10, 1993 to March 8, 1998|| |
|28 ||Staff General Hassan Abdel-Rahman Ali hasaan || October 10, 1993 to March 8, 1998|| |
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|29 ||Staff Lieutenant General [[Ibrahim Suleiman Hassan]] || March 3, 1998 - circa June 1999 ||[[Africa Confidential]] reported his dismissal as Armed Forces Chief of Staff on 24 October 1997. [https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/5456/Not_at_ease] Defence minister the next year; later a member of parliament [https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/retired-general-ibrahim-suleiman-urges-against-military-solution-in-darfur]. Hassan served for thiry-six years in the SAF. "A native of Darfur, Hassan returned to serve as Governor of [[North Darfur]] from 2001 to 2003. Although nationally well-respected, Hassan fell from the upper echelon of the [[National Congress Party (Sudan)|National Congress Party]] after opposing military intervention in Darfur. [among other issues] Hassan ordered the arrest of Janjaweed leader Musa Hilal in 2002. [I]n poor health [at the time the cable was written], Hassan is inactive within the NCP, and returned to Khartoum in November 2007 after ..months of surgery and recuperation in Cairo."<ref> |
|29 ||Staff Lieutenant General [[Ibrahim Suleiman Hassan]] || March 3, 1998 - circa June 1999 ||[[Africa Confidential]] reported his dismissal as Armed Forces Chief of Staff on 24 October 1997. [https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/5456/Not_at_ease] Defence minister the next year; later a member of parliament [https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/retired-general-ibrahim-suleiman-urges-against-military-solution-in-darfur]. Hassan served for thiry-six years in the SAF. "A native of Darfur, Hassan returned to serve as Governor of [[North Darfur]] from 2001 to 2003. Although nationally well-respected, Hassan fell from the upper echelon of the [[National Congress Party (Sudan)|National Congress Party]] after opposing military intervention in Darfur. [among other issues] Hassan ordered the arrest of Janjaweed leader Musa Hilal in 2002. [I]n poor health [at the time the cable was written], Hassan is inactive within the NCP, and returned to Khartoum in November 2007 after ..months of surgery and recuperation in Cairo."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2008 April 7, 14:36 (Monday)|title=Former Darfur Governor on Peace Process|url=https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08KHARTOUM537_a.html}}</ref> |
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|30 ||Staff Lieutenant General [[Abdul Rahman Sirr al Khatim]] || July 7, 1999 - July 7, 2000 || Appointment reported March 8, 1999: "Bashir appointed chief spokesman of the army, Lt. Gen Abdul Rahman Sir al-Khatim, as the new minister," SUNA reported.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SCIO Sudan Monthly Report Mar 1999 - Sudan|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/scio-sudan-monthly-report-mar-1999|access-date=2021-12-19|website=ReliefWeb|language=en}}</ref> Sudanese newspapers quoted al-Khatim as saying five Sudanese army soldiers were killed and nine wounded in a clash on April 11, 1999 with rebels near [[Kassala]] (AFP 15 /Apr/99)<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sudan Update Vol 10 No 8|journal=Sudan Update|url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/supdate5599.html|date=5 May 1999|issn=1352-0393}}</ref> Later Ambassador to Ethiopia (?) [https://sudaneseonline.com/board/10/msg/Sudan-says-obstacles-about-construction-of-Ethiopian-Dam-is-overcome--1417440616.htm] |
|30 ||Staff Lieutenant General [[Abdul Rahman Sirr al Khatim]] || July 7, 1999 - July 7, 2000 || Appointment reported March 8, 1999: "Bashir appointed chief spokesman of the army, Lt. Gen Abdul Rahman Sir al-Khatim, as the new minister," SUNA reported.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SCIO Sudan Monthly Report Mar 1999 - Sudan|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/scio-sudan-monthly-report-mar-1999|access-date=2021-12-19|website=ReliefWeb|language=en}}</ref> Sudanese newspapers quoted al-Khatim as saying five Sudanese army soldiers were killed and nine wounded in a clash on April 11, 1999 with rebels near [[Kassala]] (AFP 15 /Apr/99)<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sudan Update Vol 10 No 8|journal=Sudan Update|url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/supdate5599.html|date=5 May 1999|issn=1352-0393}}</ref> Later Ambassador to Ethiopia (?) [https://sudaneseonline.com/board/10/msg/Sudan-says-obstacles-about-construction-of-Ethiopian-Dam-is-overcome--1417440616.htm] |
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Revision as of 23:23, 13 January 2023
The Minister of Defence of the Republic of Sudan is the government minister responsible for the Ministry of Defence and the Sudanese Armed Forces.
After independence,
Prime Minister Abdallah Khalil, secretary of the National Umma Party, served as Minister of Defence.[1]
The
President of Sudan
was responsible for appointing the Minister of Defence.
After the overthrow of General Ibrahim Abboud's regime in October 1964, Lieutenant General El Khawad Mohmamed was appointed as a member of the ruling Supreme Council of the Armed Forces and commander-in-chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces.[2]
Then-Colonel
Jaafar Nimeiri came to power in the 1969 Sudanese coup d'état. Khalid Hassan Abbas was appointed as Minister of Defense on 29 October 1969[3] following a cabinet reshuffle implemented to strengthen the army's control over the Sudanese government. Abbas was an anti-Mahdist and non-communist. As Defense Minister he, alongside Babiker, would push President Nimeiri to adopt a more aggressive response to the rising threat to the government posed by the Ansar movement, resulting in the brutal crackdown seen on Aba Island in 1970.[4] Abbas served as Defense Minister until 16 April 1972,[5]
at which point Nimeiri took over the role.
U.S. personnel met Defence Minister General Abdul Majid Hamid Khalil (known in the Sudan as Abdul Majid) in 1979.[6][7] Two days after the signing of the peace agreement between Ahmed al-Mirghani and John Garang on 16 November 1988, a Sudanese Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules carrying Abdul Majid from Wau to Khartoum, together with the Army Commander-in-Chief, General Fathi Ahmed Ali, was hit by a missile, knocking out one of its engines.[8] In January 1982, President Nimeiri again assumed the office himself after retiring Abdul Majid, who had been simultaneously First Vice President, Minister of Defence, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and secretary-general of the single ruling Sudanese Socialist Union party.[9]
Nimeiri had served himself as Minister of Defence for long stretches in 1972-73 (promoted himself General in 1973), 1975–76, and 1978-79 after retiring other ministers. From 1976-78, the Minister of Defence has usually held the rank of
General, when Bashir Mohamed Ali held the position.[10]
Since the accession of the
Sovereignty Council of Sudan, the effective commander-in-chief of the armed forces is Lieutenant General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, former head of the Transitional Military Council
.
Ministers of Defence have included:[11]
| No. | Name | Term | Party/Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ismail Al-Azhari |
17 November 1955 - 2 February 1956 | Civilian |
| 2 | Abdallah Khalil | 3 February 1956 to 17 November 1958 | Civilian |
| 3 | Brigadier Ibrahim Abboud | 18 November 1958 - 21 October 1964 | Abboud Govt; Later promoted |
| 4 | Secret seal of the Caliph | to 7 June 1965 | Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa?; Prime Minister of the first and second transitional government of October (1964-1965) |
| 5 | Mohamed Ahmed Mahgoub |
8 June 1965 - 5 May 1966 | |
| 6 | Amin Al-Tom Sati | 5 May 1966 - 27 July 1966 | |
| 7 | Abdullah Abdul Rahman abdalramn nogd Allah | 28/7/1966 to 12/14/1966 | |
| 8 | Ahmed Abdel Rahman abdalrhman al-Mahdi | 15 December 1966 - 15 July 1967 | al-Mahdi Govt |
| 9 | Adam Musa Madbou musa madibo | 16/5/1967 - 26 May 1968 | |
| 10 | Mohamed Ahmed Al-Mahjoub | 27/5/1968 to 5/25/1969 | |
| 11 | Colonel Jaafar Nimeiri |
For the period 25/5/1969 - 19 June 1969 | |
| 12 | Brigadier Omar Hajj Moussa | for the period 20/6/1969 - 10/28/1969 | |
| 13 | Major General Khalid Hassan Abbas | for the period 10/29/1969 - 16/4/1972 | |
| 14 | Major General Jaafar Nimeiri | for the period 17/4/1972 - 7/10/1973 | |
| 15 | Lieutenant General Awad Khallafalla | for the period 8/10/1972 - 25/10/1975 | Air Force officer, "pilot corner team". As part of the U.S. diplomatic cables leak, it was disclosed that the United States Embassy Khartoum had dispatched a message saying that as of November 7, 1974, General Awad Khallafalla had been dismissed as Minister of Defence and Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces, retired, and been appointed as an advisor on military and aviation affairs in the office of the presidency.[12]
|
| 16 | Jaafar Nimeiri | 10/26/1975 - 9/8/1976 | |
| 17 | General Bashir Mohamed Ali | 10/8/1976 - 1 February 1979 | |
| 18 | General Jaafar Nimeiri | 2 February 1979 - 28 April 1979 | |
| 19 | General Abdul Majid Hamid Khalil | 5/29/1979 - 25/1/1983 | Formerly Commander Port Sudan Area. Had been simultaneously First Vice President, Minister of Defence, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and secretary-general of the single ruling Sudanese Socialist Union party before he was retired by Nimeiri.[13] |
| 20 | Field Marshal Jaafar Nimeiri | January 26, 1982 - March 3, 1985 | |
| 21 | Lieutenant General Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab | March 3, 1985 - 6/4/1985.[14] | |
| 22 | Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab | April 6, 1985 - April 22, 1985 | As Chair of the Transitional Military Council |
| 23 | Major General A.H. / Othman Abdullah Muhammad | April 22, 1985 - May 3, 1986 | Both de Waal 2015 and Salmon 2007 named the Minister of Defence in July 1985 as Major General Burma Fadlallah Nasir.[15] |
| 24 | Sadiq al-Mahdi | May 4, 1986 - 14/5/1988 | Civilian. |
| 25 | Abdul Majid Hamed Khalil | 15/5/1988 to 25/4/1989 | |
| 26 | Major General Othman Mubarak Rahma | 4/26/1989-30/6/1989[16] | |
| 27 | Brigadier, later Staff Lieutenant General Omar Hassan Ahmed Al-Bashir | 1 July 1989 - 19 October 1993 | Previously Airborne Forces; Commander, 8th Infantry Brigade, as a Brigadier, 1987 - 30 June 1989.[17] |
| 28 | Staff General Hassan Abdel-Rahman Ali hasaan | October 10, 1993 to March 8, 1998 | |
| 29 | Staff Lieutenant General Ibrahim Suleiman Hassan | March 3, 1998 - circa June 1999 | Africa Confidential reported his dismissal as Armed Forces Chief of Staff on 24 October 1997. [1] Defence minister the next year; later a member of parliament [2]. Hassan served for thiry-six years in the SAF. "A native of Darfur, Hassan returned to serve as Governor of North Darfur from 2001 to 2003. Although nationally well-respected, Hassan fell from the upper echelon of the National Congress Party after opposing military intervention in Darfur. [among other issues] Hassan ordered the arrest of Janjaweed leader Musa Hilal in 2002. [I]n poor health [at the time the cable was written], Hassan is inactive within the NCP, and returned to Khartoum in November 2007 after ..months of surgery and recuperation in Cairo."[18] |
| 30 | Staff Lieutenant General Abdul Rahman Sirr al Khatim | July 7, 1999 - July 7, 2000 | Appointment reported March 8, 1999: "Bashir appointed chief spokesman of the army, Lt. Gen Abdul Rahman Sir al-Khatim, as the new minister," SUNA reported.[19] Sudanese newspapers quoted al-Khatim as saying five Sudanese army soldiers were killed and nine wounded in a clash on April 11, 1999 with rebels near Kassala (AFP 15 /Apr/99)[20] Later Ambassador to Ethiopia (?) [3] |
| 31 | Major General Bakri Hassan Saleh | July 11, 2000 to 21/9/2004 | Also reported by WP as "11 July 2000-21 September 2005." |
| 32 | Major General Ahmed Khaled | 21/9/2004 to 21/9/2004 | |
| 33 | Lieutenant General Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein | September 22, 2005 to 2/3/2006 | Air Force, Engineer Branch. |
| 34 | General Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein | 2/3/2006 - June 6, 2015 | Promoted to full general.[21] |
| 35 | Mustafa Osman Obeid Salim | June 6, 2015 - August 2015 | Obeid also served temporarily as Minister of National Defence after taking over from Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein from 6 June until August 2015, when he was replaced with Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf.[22][23][24] |
| 36 | Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf | 23 August 2015[25] - 14 April 2019[26] | |
| 37 | Unknown | April - September 2019 | |
| 38 | General Jamal al-Din Omar | September 2019 - c. March 25, 2020 | Died of a heart attack while taking part in negotiations in Juba, South Sudan.[27] |
| 39 | Maj. Gen. Yassin Ibrahim Yassin Abdel-Hadi | June 2, 2020 - onwards | Retired general. [4][5] |
References
- ^ https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:275754/FULLTEXT01.pdf, p.17
- ^ Reuters, The New Africans, Paul Hamlyn, London, 1967, 414.
- ^ "عن الوزارة". mod.gov.sd. Archived from the original on 2018-08-12. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ISBN 9780521858205.
- ^ International Who's Who 1972-73
- ^ "Sudan Mindef Comments on Security Situation". 1979 August 14, 00:00 (Tuesday).
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Creation of Sudanese Anti-Terrorist Squad". 1978 May 8, 00:00 (Monday).
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Mansour Khalid, "War and Peace in the Sudan," Routledge 2012, 184, 186.
- Department of the Army. pp. 260, 266.
- ^ Country Study 1982, 266.
- ^ "Example of Section Blog layout (FAQ section)". Archived from the original on 2014-04-17. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
- ^ "Changes in Sudanese Army". 1974 November 8, 12:10 (Friday).
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Department of the Army. pp. 260, 266.
- ISBN 978-3-631-57115-6.
- ^ de Waal, "Real Politics of the Horn of Africa," 76; Salmon, "Popular Defence Forces," 2007, 12.
- ISBN 9780852558232.
- ^ Coup announcement and assumption of role as Minister of Defence by Brigadier al-Bashir cited in Cowell, Alan (1 July 1989). "Military Coup in Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
- ^ "Former Darfur Governor on Peace Process". 2008 April 7, 14:36 (Monday).
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "SCIO Sudan Monthly Report Mar 1999 - Sudan". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
- ISSN 1352-0393.
- ^ "Sudan changes ministers of defence, foreign affairs, oil". Ynetnews. June 6, 2015.
- ^ http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article56160 [bare URL]
- ^ Reuters (2015-06-06). "Sudan changes ministers of defence, foreign affairs, oil". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
{{cite news}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ "من هو وزير الدفاع السوداني الجديد : الفريق أول ركن مهندس / مصطفى عثمان عبيد سالم - سودافاكس". 9 June 2015.
- ^ "Sudan appoints new defence minister". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
- ^ "Sudan military vows to reform intelligence service amid protests". Aljazeera. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
- Al Jazeera. 25 March 2020.
External links
- https://web.archive.org/web/20140417163651/http://mod.gov.sd/section-blog/25-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9.html - list of Ministers of Defence from the Sudanese official archived website