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3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object is created by laying down or build from successive layers of material.
3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object is created by laying down or build from successive layers of material.


In recent years, there has been an upsurge in the number of companies offering personalized 3D printed models of objects that have been scanned, designed in CAD software, and then printed to the customer's requirements. As previously mentioned, 3D models can be purchased from online marketplaces and printed by individuals or companies using commercially available 3D printers, enabling the home-production of objects such as spare parts,<ref>{{cite web|title=3D Printing Toys|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/3d-printing-toys-2014-8|website=Business Insider|accessdate=25 January 2015}}</ref> and even medical equipment.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Trends in 3D Printing – Customized Medical Devices|url=http://envisiontec.com/3d-printer-blog/trends-in-3d-printing-of-customized-medical-devices/|website=Envisiontec|accessdate=25 January 2015}}</ref>
In recent years, there has been an upsurge in the number of companies offering personalized 3D printed models of objects that have been scanned, designed in CAD software, and then printed to the customer's requirements. As previously mentioned, 3D models can be purchased from online marketplaces and printed by individuals or companies using commercially available 3D printers, enabling the home-production of objects such as spare parts,<ref>{{cite web|title=3D Printing Toys|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/3d-printing-toys-2014-8|website=Business Insider|accessdate=25 January 2015}}</ref> mathematical models<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Printout3D.html|title=Printout3D—Wolfram Language Documentation|website=reference.wolfram.com|access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref>, and even medical equipment.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Trends in 3D Printing – Customized Medical Devices|url=http://envisiontec.com/3d-printer-blog/trends-in-3d-printing-of-customized-medical-devices/|website=Envisiontec|accessdate=25 January 2015}}</ref>


==Human models==
==Human models==

Revision as of 15:15, 6 August 2016

This article is about computer modeling within an artistic medium. For scientific usage, see Computer simulation.
Three-dimensional (3D)
computer graphics
Fundamentals
Primary uses
Related topics

In

specialized software. The product is called a 3D model. It can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices.[1]

Models may be created automatically or manually. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to

sculpting
.

3D modeling software is a class of

3D computer graphics software
used to produce 3D models. Individual programs of this class are called modeling applications or modelers.

Models

spectrograph[2]

3D models represent a

scanned. Their surfaces may be further defined with texture mapping
.

3D models are widely used anywhere in

computer games used pre-rendered images of 3D models as sprites
before computers could render them in real-time.

Today, 3D models are used in a wide variety of fields. The medical industry uses detailed models of organs; these may be created with multiple 2-D image slices from an MRI or CT scan. The movie industry uses them as characters and objects for animated and real-life

CNC machines
.

Representation

A modern render of the iconic Utah teapot model developed by Martin Newell (1975). The Utah teapot is one of the most common models used in 3D graphics education.

Almost all 3D models can be divided into two categories.

  • Solid - These models define the volume of the object they represent (like a rock). These are more realistic, but more difficult to build. Solid models are mostly used for nonvisual simulations such as medical and engineering simulations, for CAD and specialized visual applications such as ray tracing and constructive solid geometry
  • Shell/boundary - these models represent the surface, e.g. the boundary of the object, not its volume (like an infinitesimally thin eggshell). These are easier to work with than solid models. Almost all visual models used in games and film are shell models.

Because the appearance of an object depends largely on the exterior of the object,

fluids
.

The process of transforming representations of objects, such as the middle point coordinate of a

rasterise (the surface described by each triangle is planar, so the projection is always convex); .[4]
Polygon representations are not used in all rendering techniques, and in these cases the tessellation step is not included in the transition from abstract representation to rendered scene.

Modeling process

File:Polygon face.jpg
3D polygonal modelling of a human face.

There are three popular ways to represent a model:

  1. Polygonal modeling - Points in 3D space, called vertices, are connected by line segments to form a polygon mesh. The vast majority of 3D models today are built as textured polygonal models, because they are flexible and because computers can render them so quickly. However, polygons are planar and can only approximate curved surfaces using many polygons.
  2. Curve modeling - Surfaces are defined by curves, which are influenced by weighted control points. The curve follows (but does not necessarily interpolate) the points. Increasing the weight for a point will pull the curve closer to that point. Curve types include
    nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS), splines, patches, and geometric primitives
  3. Digital sculpting - Still a fairly new method of modeling, 3D sculpting has become very popular in the few years it has been around.[citation needed] There are currently three types of digital sculpting: Displacement, which is the most widely used among applications at this moment, uses a dense model (often generated by subdivision surfaces of a polygon control mesh) and stores new locations for the vertex positions through use of a 32bit image map that stores the adjusted locations. Volumetric, loosely based on voxels, has similar capabilities as displacement but does not suffer from polygon stretching when there are not enough polygons in a region to achieve a deformation. Dynamic tessellation is similar to voxel but divides the surface using triangulation to maintain a smooth surface and allow finer details. These methods allow for very artistic exploration as the model will have a new topology created over it once the models form and possibly details have been sculpted. The new mesh will usually have the original high resolution mesh information transferred into displacement data or normal map data if for a game engine.

The modeling stage consists of shaping individual objects that are later used in the scene. There are a number of modeling techniques, including:

Modeling can be performed by means of a dedicated program (e.g.,

LightWave, Modo) or an application component (Shaper, Lofter in 3ds Max) or some scene description language (as in POV-Ray). In some cases, there is no strict distinction between these phases; in such cases modeling is just part of the scene creation process (this is the case, for example, with Caligari trueSpace and Realsoft 3D
).

Complex materials such as blowing sand, clouds, and liquid sprays are modeled with

texture splats, or sprites
assigned to them.

Compared to 2D methods

File:3D Plus 3DBuilding.jpg
A fully textured and lit rendering of a 3D model.

3D

photorealistic effects are often achieved without wireframe modeling and are sometimes indistinguishable in the final form. Some graphic art software includes filters that can be applied to 2D vector graphics or 2D raster graphics
on transparent layers.

Advantages of wireframe 3D modeling over exclusively 2D methods include:

  • Flexibility, ability to change angles or animate images with quicker rendering of the changes;
  • Ease of rendering, automatic calculation and rendering photorealistic effects rather than mentally visualizing or estimating;
  • Accurate photorealism, less chance of human error in misplacing, overdoing, or forgetting to include a visual effect.

Disadvantages compare to 2D photorealistic rendering may include a software learning curve and difficulty achieving certain photorealistic effects. Some photorealistic effects may be achieved with special rendering filters included in the 3D modeling software. For the best of both worlds, some artists use a combination of 3D modeling followed by editing the 2D computer-rendered images from the 3D model.

3D model market

A large market for 3D models (as well as 3D-related content, such as textures, scripts, etc.) still exists - either for individual models or large collections. Online marketplaces for 3D content, such as

DAZ 3D
, allow individual artists to sell content that they have created. Often, the artists' goal is to get additional value out of assets they have previously created for projects. By doing so, artists can earn more money out of their old content, and companies can save money by buying pre-made models instead of paying an employee to create one from scratch. These marketplaces typically split the sale between themselves and the artist that created the asset, artists get 40% to 95% of the sales according to the marketplace. In most cases, the artist retains ownership of the 3d model; the customer only buys the right to use and present the model. Some artists sell their products directly in its own stores offering their products at a lower price by not using intermediaries.

Over the last several years numerous marketplaces specialized in 3D printing models have emerged. Some of the 3D printing marketplaces are combination of models sharing sites, with or without a built in e-com capability. Some of those platforms also offer 3D printing services on demand, software for model rendering and dynamic viewing of items, etc. Among the most popular 3D printing file sharing platforms are Shapeways, Pinshape, Thingiverse, 3DExport, CGTrader, Treatstock, Threeding, MyMiniFactory and GrabCAD.

3D printing

Main articles: 3D printing and Rapid prototyping

3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object is created by laying down or build from successive layers of material.

In recent years, there has been an upsurge in the number of companies offering personalized 3D printed models of objects that have been scanned, designed in CAD software, and then printed to the customer's requirements. As previously mentioned, 3D models can be purchased from online marketplaces and printed by individuals or companies using commercially available 3D printers, enabling the home-production of objects such as spare parts,[5] mathematical models[6], and even medical equipment.[7]

Human models

Main article: virtual actor

The first widely available commercial application of human virtual models appeared in 1998 on the Lands' End web site. The human virtual models were created by the company My Virtual Mode Inc. and enabled users to create a model of themselves and try on 3D clothing.[8] There are several modern programs that allow for the creation of virtual human models (Poser being one example).

3D Clothing

Dynamic 3D Clothing Model made in Marvelous Designer

The development of cloth simulation software such as Marvelous Designer, CLO3D and Optitex, has enabled artists and fashion designers to model dynamic 3D clothing on the computer. [9] Dynamic 3D clothing is used for virtual fashion catalogs, as well as for dressing 3D characters for video games, 3D animation movies, for digital doubles in movies

SecondLife
.


Uses

Steps of forensic facial reconstruction of a mummy made in Blender by the Brazilian 3D designer Cícero Moraes.

3D modeling is used in various industries like films, animation and gaming,

interior designing and architecture. They are also used in the medical industry for the interactive representations of anatomy. A wide number of 3D software are also used in constructing digital representation of mechanical models or parts before they are actually manufactured. CAD/CAM
related software are used in such fields, and with these software, not only can you construct the parts, but also assemble them, and observe their functionality.

3D modelling is also used in the field of

Industrial Design
, wherein products are 3D modeled before representing them to the clients. In Media and Event industries, 3D modelling is used in
Stage/Set Design
.

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.fractal.ae/3d-modelling-services/
  2. ^ "ERIS Project Starts". ESO Announcement. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  3. ^ "3D Scanning Advancements in Medical Science". Konica Minolta. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  4. ^ Jon Radoff, Anatomy of an MMORPG, August 22, 2008
  5. ^ "3D Printing Toys". Business Insider. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  6. ^ "Printout3D—Wolfram Language Documentation". reference.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  7. ^ "New Trends in 3D Printing – Customized Medical Devices". Envisiontec. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  8. ^ "Lands' End First With New 'My Virtual Model' Technology: Takes Guesswork Out of Web Shopping for Clothes That Fit". PRNewswire. Lands' End. February 12, 2004. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
  9. ^ "All About Virtual Fashion and the Creation of 3D Clothing". CGElves. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
  10. ^ "3D Clothes made for The Hobbit using Marvelous Designer". 3DArtist. Retrieved 9 May 2013.

External links

Look up modeler in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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